Glp-1r modulating compounds

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure provides GLP-1R agonists, and compositions, methods, and kits thereof. Such compounds are generally useful for treating a GLP-1R mediated disease or condition in a human.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/159,853, filed Mar. 11, 2021, which is incorporated herein in its entireties for all purposes.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates to compounds that bind to and act as agonists or modulators of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) and act as agonists or modulators of GLP-1R. The disclosure further relates to the use of the compounds for the treatment and/or prevention of diseases and/or conditions by said compounds.

BACKGROUND

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a peptide hormone that is secreted from the enteroendocrine cells in the gut in response to a meal. GLP-1 is believed to play a role in regulation of post-prandial glycemia, via directly augmenting meal-induced insulin secretion from the pancreatic beta-cells, as well as in promoting satiety by delaying the transit of food through the gut. GLP-1 mediates intracellular signaling via the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) which belongs to a family of G-protein coupled receptors that are present on the cell membrane and can result in accumulation of the secondary messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) upon activation. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) can be associated with features of metabolic syndrome, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease.

GLP-1R agonists are currently being investigated in connection with diabetes, obesity, and NASH. GLP-1R agonists include peptides, such as exenatide, liraglutide, and dulaglutide, that have been approved for the management of type 2 diabetes. Such peptides are predominantly administered by subcutaneous injection. Oral GLP-1 agonists are also under investigation for treatment of type 2 diabetes. Some GLP-1R agonists, such as liraglutide, dulaglutide, and exenatide, are resistant to rapid degradation by dipeptidyl peptidase 4, resulting in longer half-lives than endogenous GLP-1.

There remains a need for compounds, such as agonists of GLP-1R, with desirable therapeutic properties, metabolic properties, and/or easy administration in the treatment of metabolic diseases and related diseases, including but not limited to NASH, obesity, and Type 2 diabetes.

SUMMARY

In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein

-   -   R is     -   (a) a 5-membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one to         four R⁴, or     -   (b) a 5-membered heteroaryl, wherein the heteroaryl is fused to         a 5- or 6-membered ring having zero to three heteroatoms, each         independently N, O, or S, to form a fused ring system, wherein         the fused ring system is optionally substituted with one to four         R⁴;     -   ring A is

optionally substituted with one to three R^(A) groups, each independently C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, halogen, —OH, —CN, or N(R^(10a))(R^(10b));

-   -   ring B is

-   -    each of which is optionally substituted with one to three R^(B)         groups, each independently C₁₋₆ alkyl or halogen,     -   V is —C(R^(7a))(R^(7b))—;     -   R² is H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀         cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆         alkyl-heterocyclyl, or C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl,         alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl is each         optionally substituted with one to four Z1, wherein each Z¹ is         independently C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ hydroxyalkyl, C₂₋₆         alkoxyalkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, —OH, —CN,         C₁₋₆ alkyl-CN, —O—C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl or heteroaryl optionally         substituted with 1 to 4 groups each independently C₁₋₆ alkyl,         C₁₋₆ alkoxy, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, or C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy;     -   R³ is —C(O)OR^(3a);     -   R^(3a) is H, C₁₋₄ alkyl-N(R^(9a))(R^(9b)), —C₁₋₄         alkyl-N(R^(9a))C(O)—O—C₁₋₄ alkyl-OP(O)(OR^(9c))₂, C₁₋₄         alkyl-C(O)N(R^(9a))(R^(9b)), —C₁₋₄ alkyl-O—C(O)—C₁₋₄ alkyl,         —C₁₋₄ alkyl-O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₄ alkyl, —C₁₋₄ alkyl-O—C(O)—C₁₋₄         alkyl-N(R^(9a))(R^(9b)), —C₁₋₄ alkyl-O—C(O)—C₁₋₄         alkyl-OP(O)(OR^(9c))₂, —CH₂CH(N(R^(9a))₂)C(O)OR^(9b),         —P(O)(OR^(9c))₂, —OP(O)(OR^(9c))₂, —CH₂P(O)(OR^(9c))₂,         —CH₂OP(O)(OR^(9c))₂, —OCH₂P(O)(OR^(9c))₂,         C(O)OCH₂P(O)(OR^(9c))₂, —P(O)(R^(9c))(OR^(9d)),         —OP(O)(R^(9c))(OR^(9d))—CH₂P(O)(R^(9c))(OR^(9d)),         —OCH₂P(O)(R^(9c))(OR^(9d)),         —C(O)OCH₂P(O)(R^(9c))(OR^(9d))—P(O)(N(R^(9c))₂)₂,         —OP(O)(N(R^(9c))₂)₂, —CH₂P(O)(N(R^(9c))₂)₂,         —OCH₂P(O)(N(R^(9c))₂)₂, —C(O)OCH₂P(O)(N(R^(9c))₂)₂,         —P(O)(N(R^(9c))₂)(OR^(9d)), —OP(O)(N(R^(9c))₂)(OR^(9d)),         —CH₂P(O)(N(R^(9c))₂)(OR^(9d)), —OCH₂P(O)(N(R^(9c))₂)(OR^(9d)),         —C(O)OCH₂P(O)(N(R^(9c))₂)(OR^(9d)), —P(O)(R^(9c))(N(R^(9d))₂),         —OP(O)(R^(9c))(N(R^(9d))₂), —CH₂P(O)(R^(9c))(N(R^(9d))₂),         —OCH₂P(O)(R^(9c))(N(R^(9d))₂), —C(O)OCH₂P(O)(R⁹)(N(R^(9d))₂), or         C₁₋₆ alkyl-heterocyclyl,         -   wherein the alkyl or heterocyclyl is each optionally             substituted with one to four halogens;     -   each R⁴ is independently C₁₋₉ alkyl, C₁₋₈ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆         alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, C₂₋₆ alkoxyalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆         alkynyl, halogen, C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl,         heteroaryl, oxo, —NO₂, —N₃, —CN, —O—R^(10a), —C(O)—R^(10a),         —C(O)O—R^(10a), —C(O)—N(R^(10a))(R^(10b)), —N(R^(10a))(R^(10b)),         —N(R^(10a))₂(R^(10b)), —N(RR^(10a))C(O)—R^(10b),         —N(R^(10a))C(O)O— R^(10b), —N(R^(10a))C(O)N(R^(10b))(R^(10c)),         —N(R^(10a))S(O)₂(R^(10b)), —NR^(10a)S(O)₂N(R^(10b))(R^(10c)),         —NR^(10a)S(O)₂O(R^(10b)), —OC(O) R^(10a), —OC(O)O R^(10a),         —OC(O)—N(R^(10a))(R^(10b)), —S—R^(10a), —S(O) R^(10a), —S(O)(NH)         R^(10a), —S(O)₂R^(10a), —S(O)₂N(R^(10a))(R^(10b)),         —S(O)(NR^(10a)) R^(10b), or —Si(R^(10a))₃;         -   wherein each alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl,             heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted             with one to four R⁵;     -   each R⁵ is independently C₁₋₉ alkyl, C₁₋₈ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆         alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, C₂₋₆ alkoxyalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆         alkynyl, C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl, halogen, C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl,         heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, heteroaryl, oxo, —NO₂, —N₃, —CN, —O—         R^(10a), —C(O)— R^(10a), —C(O)O— R^(10a),         —C(O)—N(R^(10a))(RR^(10b)), —N(R^(10a))(R^(10b)),         —N(R^(10a))C(O)—R^(10b), —N(R^(10a))C(O)O— R^(10b),         —N(R^(10a))C(O)N(R^(10b))(R^(10c)), —N(R^(10a))S(O)₂(R^(10b)),         —NR^(10a)S(O)₂N(R^(10b))(R^(10c)), —NR^(10a)S(O)₂O(R^(10b)),         —OC(O) R^(10a), —OC(O)O R^(10a), —OC(O)—N(R^(10a))(R^(10b)),         —S—R^(10a), —S(O) R^(10a), —S(O)(NH) R^(10a), —S(O)₂R^(10a),         —S(O)₂N(R^(10a))(R^(10b)), —S(O)(NR^(10a)) R^(10b), or         —Si(R^(10a))₃,         -   wherein each alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl,             heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted             with one to four R⁶;     -   each R⁶ is independently C₁₋₉ alkyl, C₁₋₈ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆         alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, halogen, C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl,         C₆₋₁₀ aryl, heteroaryl, oxo, —OH, —CN, —NO₂, —NH₂, —N₃, —SH,         —O(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —O(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl), —O(C₂₋₆ alkenyl), —O(C₂₋₆         alkynyl), —O(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl), —O(heterocyclyl), —O(C₆₋₁₀         aryl), —O(heteroaryl), —NH(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl),         —NH(C₂₋₆ alkenyl), —NH(C₂₋₆ alkynyl), —NH(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl),         —NH(heterocyclyl), —NH(C₆₋₁₀ aryl), —NH(heteroaryl), —N(C₁₋₉         alkyl)₂, —N(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl)₂, —N(C₂₋₆ alkenyl)₂, —N(C₂₋₆         alkynyl)₂, —N(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl)₂, —N(heterocyclyl)₂, —N(C₆₋₁₀         aryl)₂, —N(heteroaryl)₂, —N(C₁₋₉ alkyl)(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl), —N(C₁₋₉         alkyl)(C₂₋₆ alkenyl), —N(C₁₋₉ alkyl)(C₂₋₆ alkynyl), —N(C₁₋₉         alkyl)(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl), —N(C₁₋₉ alkyl)(heterocyclyl), —N(C₁₋₉         alkyl)(C₆₋₁₀ aryl), —N(C₁₋₉ alkyl)(heteroaryl), —C(O)(C₁₋₉         alkyl), —C(O)(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl), —C(O)(C₂₋₆ alkenyl), —C(O)(C₂₋₆         alkynyl), —C(O)(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl), —C(O)(heterocyclyl),         —C(O)(C₆₋₁₀ aryl), —C(O)(heteroaryl), —C(O)O(C₁₋₉ alkyl),         —C(O)O(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl), —C(O)O(C₂₋₆ alkenyl), —C(O)O(C₂₋₆         alkynyl), —C(O)O(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl), —C(O)O(heterocyclyl),         —C(O)O(C₆₋₁₀ aryl), —C(O)O(heteroaryl), —C(O)NH₂, —C(O)NH(C₁₋₉         alkyl), —C(O)NH(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl), —C(O)NH(C₂₋₆ alkenyl),         —C(O)NH(C₂₋₆ alkynyl), —C(O)NH(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl),         —C(O)NH(heterocyclyl), —C(O)NH(C₆₋₁₀ aryl), —C(O)NH(heteroaryl),         —C(O)N(C₁₋₉ alkyl)₂, —C(O)N(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl)₂, —C(O)N(C₂₋₆         alkenyl)₂, —C(O)N(C₂₋₆ alkynyl)₂, —C(O)N(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl)₂,         —C(O)N(heterocyclyl)₂, —C(O)N(C₆₋₁₀ aryl)₂, —C(O)N(heteroaryl)₂,         —NHC(O)(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —NHC(O)(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl), —NHC(O)(C₂₋₆         alkenyl), —NHC(O)(C₂₋₆ alkynyl), —NHC(O)(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl),         —NHC(O)(heterocyclyl), —NHC(O)(C₆₋₁₀ aryl), —NHC(O)(heteroaryl),         —NHC(O)O(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —NHC(O)O(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl), —NHC(O)O(C₂₋₆         alkenyl), —NHC(O)O(C₂₋₆ alkynyl), —NHC(O)O(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl),         —NHC(O)O(heterocyclyl), —NHC(O)O(C₆₋₁₀ aryl),         —NHC(O)O(heteroaryl), —NHC(O)NH(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —NHC(O)NH(C₁₋₈         haloalkyl), —NHC(O)NH(C₂₋₆ alkenyl), —NHC(O)NH(C₂₋₆ alkynyl),         —NHC(O)NH(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl), —NHC(O)NH(heterocyclyl),         —NHC(O)NH(C₆₋₁₀ aryl), —NHC(O)NH(heteroaryl), —NHS(O)(C₁₋₉         alkyl), —N(C₁₋₉ alkyl)(S(O)(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —S(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —S(C₁₋₈         haloalkyl), —S(C₂₋₆ alkenyl), —S(C₂₋₆ alkynyl), —S(C₃₋₁₅         cycloalkyl), —S(heterocyclyl), —S(C₆₋₁₀ aryl), —S(heteroaryl),         —S(O)N(C₁₋₉ alkyl)₂, —S(O)(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —S(O)(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl),         —S(O)(C₂₋₆ alkenyl), —S(O)(C₂₋₆ alkynyl), —S(O)(C₃₋₁₅         cycloalkyl), —S(O)(heterocyclyl), —S(O)(C₆₋₁₀ aryl),         —S(O)(heteroaryl), —S(O)₂(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —S(O)₂(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl),         —S(O)₂(C₂₋₆ alkenyl), —S(O)₂(C₂₋₆ alkynyl), —S(O)₂(C₃₋₁₅         cycloalkyl), —S(O)₂(heterocyclyl), —S(O)₂(C₆₋₁₀ aryl),         —S(O)₂(heteroaryl), —S(O)(NH)(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —S(O)₂NH(C₁₋₉ alkyl),         or —S(O)₂N(C₁₋₉ alkyl)₂,         -   wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or             heteroaryl is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 C₁₋₉ alkyl,             C₁₋₈ haloalkyl, halogen, —OH, —NH₂, CO₂H, —O(C₁₋₉ alkyl),             —O(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl), —O(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl), —O(heterocyclyl),             —O(aryl), —O(heteroaryl), —NH(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₈             haloalkyl), —NH(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl), —NH(heterocyclyl),             —NH(aryl), —NH(heteroaryl), —N(C₁₋₉ alkyl)₂, —N(C₃₋₁₅             cycloalkyl)₂, —NHC(O)(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl), —NHC(O)(C₃₋₁₅             cycloalkyl), —NHC(O)(heterocyclyl), —NHC(O)(aryl),             —NHC(O)(heteroaryl), —NHC(O)O(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —NHC(O)O(C₁₋₈             haloalkyl), —NHC(O)O(C₂₋₆ alkynyl), —NHC(O)O(C₃₋₁₅             cycloalkyl), —NHC(O)O(heterocyclyl), —NHC(O)O(aryl),             —NHC(O)O(heteroaryl), —NHC(O)NH(C₁₋₉ alkyl), S(O)₂(C₁₋₉             alkyl), —S(O)₂(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl), —S(O)₂(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl),             —S(O)₂(heterocyclyl), —S(O)₂(aryl), —S(O)₂(heteroaryl),             —S(O)(NH)(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —S(O)₂NH(C₁₋₉ alkyl), or —S(O)₂N(C₁₋₉             alkyl)₂,             -   wherein the alkyl or heterocyclyl is each optionally                 substituted with one to four halogens;     -   each R^(7a) and R^(7b) is independently —H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or         halogen,     -   each R^(9a) and R^(9b) is independently H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, or R^(9a) and R^(9b) together form a 6-membered         heterocyclyl;     -   each R^(9c), R^(9d), R^(10a), R^(10b), and R^(10c) is         independently H, C₁₋₉ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₅         cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein the         alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or         heteroaryl is each optionally substituted with one to four R⁶,     -   wherein each heterocyclyl has three to twelve ring members and         has one to four heteroatoms, each independently N, O, or S, and     -   wherein each heteroaryl has five to twelve ring members and one         to four heteroatoms, each independently N, O, or S.

The present disclosure further provides pharmaceutical compositions, methods, and uses comprising the compound of Formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. For example, the compounds of the present disclosure are generally useful in methods of treating a GLP-1R-mediated disease or condition.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION I. Definitions

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. A dash at the front or end of a chemical group is a matter of convenience to indicate the point of attachment to a parent moiety; chemical groups may be depicted with or without one or more dashes without losing their ordinary meaning. A prefix such as “C_(u-v)” or “C_(u)-C_(v)” indicates that the following group has from u to v carbon atoms, where u and v are integers. For example, “C₁₋₆ alkyl” or “C₁-C₆ alkyl” indicates that the alkyl group has from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

“Alkyl” is a monovalent or divalent linear or branched saturated hydrocarbon radical. For example, an alkyl group can have 1 to 10 carbon atoms (i.e., C₁₋₁₀ alkyl) or 1 to 8 carbon atoms (i.e., C₁₋₈ alkyl) or 1 to 6 carbon atoms (i.e., C₁₋₆ alkyl) or 1 to 4 carbon atoms (i.e., C₁₋₄ alkyl). Examples of alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl (Me, —CH₃), ethyl (Et, —CH₂CH₃), 1-propyl (n-Pr, n-propyl, —CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2-propyl (i-Pr, i-propyl, —CH(CH₃)₂), 1-butyl (n-Bu, n-butyl, —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2-methyl-1-propyl (i-Bu, i-butyl, —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂), 2-butyl (s-Bu, s-butyl, —CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃), 2-methyl-2-propyl (t-Bu, t-butyl, —C(CH₃)₃), 1-pentyl (n-pentyl, —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2-pentyl (—CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₂CH₃), 3-pentyl (—CH(CH₂CH₃)₂), 2-methyl-2-butyl (—C(CH₃)₂CH₂CH₃), 3-methyl-2-butyl (—CH(CH₃)CH(CH₃)₂), 3-methyl-1-butyl (—CH₂CH₂CH(CH₃)₂), 2-methyl-1-butyl (—CH₂CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃), 1-hexyl (—CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2-hexyl (—CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 3-hexyl (—CH(CH₂CH₃)(CH₂CH₂CH₃)), 2-methyl-2-pentyl (—C(CH₃)₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 3-methyl-2-pentyl (—CH(CH₃)CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃), 4-methyl-2-pentyl (—CH(CH₃)CH₂CH(CH₃)₂), 3-methyl-3-pentyl (—C(CH₃)(CH₂CH₃)₂), 2-methyl-3-pentyl (—CH(CH₂CH₃)CH(CH₃)₂), 2,3-dimethyl-2-butyl (—C(CH₃)₂CH(CH₃)₂), 3,3-dimethyl-2-butyl (—CH(CH₃)C(CH₃)₃, and octyl (—(CH₂)₇CH₃). Alkyl groups can be unsubstituted or substituted.

“Alkoxy” refers to the group —O-alkyl, where alkyl is as defined above. For example, C₁₋₄ alkoxy refers to an —O-alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbons. Alkoxy groups can be unsubstituted or substituted.

“Alkoxyalkyl” is an alkoxy group attached to an alkyl as defined above, such that the alkyl is divalent. For example, C₂₋₆ alkoxyalkyl includes —CH₂—OMe, —CH₂—O-iPr, —CH₂—CH₂—OMe, —CH₂—CH₂—O—CH₂—CH₃, and —CH₂—CH₂—O-tBu. Alkoxyalkyl groups can be unsubstituted or substituted.

“Hydroxyalkyl” is a hydroxy group attached to an alkyl as defined above, such that the alkyl is divalent. For example, C₁₋₆ hydroxyalkyl includes —CH₂—OH, and —CH₂—CH₂—OH. Hydroxyalkyl groups can be unsubstituted or substituted.

“Alkenyl” is a monovalent or divalent linear or branched hydrocarbon radical with at least one carbon-carbon double bond. For example, an alkenyl group can have 2 to 8 carbon atoms (i.e., C_(2-s) alkenyl) or 2 to 6 carbon atoms (i.e., C₂₋₆ alkenyl) or 2 to 4 carbon atoms (i.e., C₂₄ alkenyl). Examples of alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethenyl (—CH═CH₂), allyl (—CH₂CH═CH₂), and —CH₂—CH═CH—CH₃. Alkenyl groups can be unsubstituted or substituted.

“Alkynyl” is a monovalent or divalent linear or branched hydrocarbon radical with at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. For example, an alkynyl group can have 2 to 8 carbon atoms (i.e., C_(2-s) alkynyl) or 2 to 6 carbon atoms (i.e., C₂₋₆ alkynyl) or 2 to 4 carbon atoms (i.e., C₂₄ alkynyl). Examples of alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, acetylenyl (—C≡CH), propargyl (—CH₂C≡CH), and —CH₂—C≡C—CH₃. Alkynyl groups can be unsubstituted or substituted.

“Halogen” refers to fluoro (—F), chloro (—Cl), bromo (—Br) and iodo (—I).

“Haloalkyl” is an alkyl as defined herein, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of the alkyl are independently replaced by a halogen, which may be the same or different, such that the alkyl is divalent. The alkyl group and the halogen can be any of those described above.

In some embodiments, the haloalkyl defines the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl portion, e.g., C₁₋₄ haloalkyl includes CF₃, CH₂F, CHF₂, CH₂CF₃, CH₂CH₂CF₃, CCl₂CH₂CH₂CH₃, and C(CH₃)₂(CF₂H). Haloalkyl groups can be unsubstituted or substituted.

“Haloalkoxy” is an alkoxy as defined herein, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of the alkyl in the alkyoxy are independently replaced by a halogen, which may be the same or different, such that the alkyl is divalent. The alkoxy group and the halogen can be any of those described above. In some embodiments, the haloalkoxy defines the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl portion, e.g., C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy includes OCF₃, OCH₂F, OCH₂CF₃, OCH₂CH₂CF₃, OCCl₂CH₂CH₂CH₃, and OC(CH₃)₂(CF₂H). Haloalkoxy groups can be unsubstituted or substituted.

“Cycloalkyl” is a monovalent or divalent single all carbon ring or a multiple condensed all carbon ring system wherein the ring in each instance is a non-aromatic saturated or unsaturated ring. For example, in some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 3 to 12 carbon atoms, 3 to 10 carbon atoms, 3 to 8 carbon atoms, 3 to 6 carbon atoms, 3 to 5 carbon atoms, or 3 to 4 carbon atoms. Exemplary single ring cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl, cycloheptenyl, and cyclooctyl. Cycloalkyl also includes multiple condensed ring systems (e.g., ring systems comprising 2 rings) having about 7 to 12 carbon atoms. The rings of the multiple condensed ring system can be connected to each other via fused, spiro, or bridged bonds when allowed by valency requirements. Exemplary multiple ring cycloalkyl groups include octahydropentalene, bicyclo[2. 2. 1]heptane, bicyclo[2. 2. 2]octane, bicyclo[2. 2. 2]oct-2-ene, and spiro[2. 5]octane. Cycloalkyl groups can be unsubstituted or substituted.

“Alkylcycloalkyl” refers to an alkyl as defined herein, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of the alkyl are independently replaced by a cycloalkyl group, which may be the same or different. The alkyl group and the cycloalkyl group can be any of those described above. In some embodiments, the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl and cycloalkyl portion can be designated separately, e.g., C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₃₋₁₂ cycloalkyl. Alkylcycloalkyl groups can be unsubstituted or substituted.

“Aryl” as used herein refers to a monovalent or divalent single all carbon aromatic ring or a multiple condensed all carbon ring system wherein the ring is aromatic. For example, in some embodiments, an aryl group has 6 to 20 carbon atoms, 6 to 14 carbon atoms, 6 to 12 carbon atoms, or 6 to 10 carbon atoms. Aryl includes a phenyl radical. Aryl also includes multiple condensed ring systems (e.g., ring systems comprising 2, 3 or 4 rings) having about 9 to 20 carbon atoms in which multiple rings are aromatic. The rings of the multiple condensed ring system can be connected to each other via fused bonds when allowed by valency requirements. It is also understood that when reference is made to a certain atom-range membered aryl (e.g., 6-10 membered aryl), the atom range is for the total ring atoms of the aryl. For example, a 6-membered aryl would include phenyl and a 10-membered aryl would include naphthyl. Non-limiting examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, and the like. Aryl groups can be unsubstituted or substituted.

“Alkylaryl” refers to an alkyl as defined herein, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of the alkyl are independently replaced by an aryl group, which may be the same or different. The alkyl group and the aryl group can be any of those described above, such that the alkyl is divalent. In some embodiments, an alkylaryl group has 7 to 24 carbon atoms, 7 to 16 carbon atoms, 7 to 13 carbon atoms, or 7 to 11 carbon atoms. An alkylaryl group defined by the number of carbon atoms refers to the total number of carbon atoms present in the constitutive alkyl and aryl groups combined. For example, C₇ alkylaryl refers to benzyl, while C₁₁ alkylaryl includes 1-methylnaphthyl and n-pentylphenyl. In some embodiments the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl and aryl portion can be designated separately, e.g., C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₆₋₁₀ aryl. Non-limiting examples of alkylaryl groups include, but are not limited to, benzyl, 2,2-dimethylphenyl, n-pentylphenyl, 1-methylnaphthyl, 2-ethylnaphthyl, and the like. Alkylaryl groups can be unsubstituted or substituted.

“Heterocyclyl” or “heterocycle” or “heterocycloalkyl” as used herein refers to a single saturated or partially unsaturated non-aromatic ring or a non-aromatic multiple ring system that has at least one heteroatom in the ring (i.e., at least one annular (i.e., ring-shaped) heteroatom selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur). Unless otherwise specified, a heterocyclyl group has from 3 to about 20 annular atoms, for example from 3 to 12 annular atoms, for example from 4 to 12 annular atoms, 4 to 10 annular atoms, or 3 to 8 annular atoms, or 3 to 6 annular atoms, or 3 to 5 annular atoms, or 4 to 6 annular atoms, or 4 to 5 annular atoms. Thus, the term includes single saturated or partially unsaturated rings (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7-membered rings) having from about 1 to 6 annular carbon atoms and from about 1 to 3 annular heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur in the ring. The rings of the multiple condensed ring (e.g., bicyclic heterocyclyl) system can be connected to each other via fused, spiro and bridged bonds when allowed by valency requirements. Heterocycles include, but are not limited to, azetidine, aziridine, imidazolidine, morpholine, oxirane (epoxide), oxetane, thietane, piperazine, piperidine, pyrazolidine, piperidine, pyrrolidine, pyrrolidinone, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydrothiophene, dihydropyridine, tetrahydropyridine, quinuclidine, 2-oxa-6-azaspiro[3. 3]heptan-6-yl, 6-oxa-1-azaspiro[3. 3]heptan-1-yl, 2-thia-6-azaspiro[3. 3]heptan-6-yl, 2,6-diazaspiro[3. 3]heptan-2-yl, 2-azabicyclo[3. 1. 0]hexan-2-yl, 3-azabicyclo[3. 1. 0]hexanyl, 2-azabicyclo[2. 1. 1]hexanyl, 2-azabicyclo[2. 2. 1]heptan-2-yl, 4-azaspiro[2. 4]heptanyl, 5-azaspiro[2. 4]heptanyl, and the like. Heterocyclyl groups can be unsubstituted or substituted.

“Alkylheterocyclyl” refers to an alkyl as defined herein, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of the alkyl are independently replaced by a heterocyclyl group, which may be the same or different. The alkyl group and the heterocyclyl group can be any of those described above, such that the alkyl is divalent. In some embodiments, the number of atoms in the alkyl and heterocyclyl portion can be designated separately, e.g., C₁₋₆ alkyl-3 to 12 membered heterocyclyl having one to three heteroatoms each independently N, O, or S. Alkylheterocyclyl groups can be unsubstituted or substituted.

“Heteroaryl” refers to a single aromatic ring that has at least one atom other than carbon in the ring, wherein the atom is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur; “heteroaryl” also includes multiple condensed ring systems that have at least one such aromatic ring, which multiple condensed ring systems are further described below. Thus, “heteroaryl” includes single aromatic rings of from about 1 to 6 carbon atoms and about 1-4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur. The sulfur and nitrogen atoms may also be present in an oxidized form provided the ring is aromatic. Exemplary heteroaryl ring systems include but are not limited to pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, oxazolyl or furyl. “Heteroaryl” also includes multiple condensed ring systems (e.g., ring systems comprising 2, 3 or 4 rings) wherein a heteroaryl group, as defined above, is condensed with one or more rings selected from heteroaryls (to form for example 1,8-naphthyridinyl) and aryls (to form, for example, benzimidazolyl or indazolyl) to form the multiple condensed ring system. Thus, a heteroaryl (a single aromatic ring or multiple condensed ring system) can have about 1-20 carbon atoms and about 1-6 heteroatoms within the heteroaryl ring. For example, tetrazolyl has 1 carbon atom and 4 nitrogen heteroatoms within the ring. The rings of the multiple condensed ring system can be connected to each other via fused bonds when allowed by valency requirements. It is to be understood that the individual rings of the multiple condensed ring system may be connected in any order relative to one another. It is to be understood that the point of attachment for a heteroaryl or heteroaryl multiple condensed ring system can be at any suitable atom of the heteroaryl or heteroaryl multiple condensed ring system including a carbon atom and a heteroatom (e.g., a nitrogen). It also to be understood that when a reference is made to a certain atom-range membered heteroaryl (e.g., a 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl), the atom range is for the total ring atoms of the heteroaryl and includes carbon atoms and heteroatoms. It is also to be understood that the rings of the multiple condensed ring system may include an aryl ring fused to a heterocyclic ring with saturated or partially unsaturated bonds (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7-membered rings) having from about 1 to 6 annular carbon atoms and from about 1 to 3 annular heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur in the ring. For example, a 5-membered heteroaryl includes thiazolyl and a 10-membered heteroaryl includes quinolinyl. Exemplary heteroaryls include but are not limited to pyridyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazolyl, thienyl, indolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, furyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, indazolyl, quinoxalyl, quinazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzimidazolyl, thianaphthenyl, pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridinyl, quinazolinyl-4(3H)-one, triazolyl, and tetrazolyl. Heteroaryl groups can be unsubstituted or substituted.

“Alkylheteroaryl” refers to an alkyl as defined herein, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of the alkyl are independently replaced by a heteroaryl group, which may be the same or different, such that the alkyl is divalent. The alkyl group and the heteroaryl group can be any of those described above. In some embodiments, the number of atoms in the alkyl and heteroaryl portion are designated separately, e.g., C₁₋₆ alkyl-5 to 10 membered heteroaryl having one to four heteroatoms each independently N, O, or S. Alkylheteroaryl groups can be unsubstituted or substituted.

“Oxo” as used herein refers to ═O.

“Substituted” as used herein refers to wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of the group are independently replaced by one or more substituents (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 or more) as indicated.

A “compound of the present disclosure” includes compounds disclosed herein, for example a compound of the present disclosure includes compounds of Formula (I-A), including the compounds of the Examples. In some embodiments, a “compound of the present disclosure” includes compounds of of Formula (I-A).

“Pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” includes without limitation any adjuvant, carrier, excipient, glidant, sweetening agent, diluent, preservative, dye/colorant, flavor enhancer, surfactant, wetting agent, dispersing agent, suspending agent, stabilizer, isotonic agent, solvent, or emulsifier which has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration as being acceptable for use in humans or domestic animals.

“Therapeutically effective amount” or “effective amount” as used herein refers to an amount that is effective to elicit the desired biological or medical response, including the amount of a compound that, when administered to a subject for treating a disease, is sufficient to affect such treatment for the disease. The effective amount will vary depending on the compound, the disease, and its severity and the age, weight, etc., of the subject to be treated. The effective amount can include a range of amounts. As is understood in the art, an effective amount may be in one or more doses, i.e., a single dose or multiple doses may be required to achieve the desired treatment endpoint. An effective amount may be considered in the context of administering one or more therapeutic agents, and a single agent may be considered to be given in an effective amount if, in conjunction with one or more other agents, a desirable or beneficial result may be or is achieved. Suitable doses of any co-administered compounds may optionally be lowered due to the combined action (e.g., additive or synergistic effects) of the compounds.

“Co-administration” as used herein refers to administration of unit dosages of the compounds disclosed herein before or after administration of unit dosages of one or more additional therapeutic agents, for example, administration of the compound disclosed herein within seconds, minutes, or hours of the administration of one or more additional therapeutic agents. For example, in some embodiments, a unit dose of a compound of the present disclosure is administered first, followed within seconds or minutes by administration of a unit dose of one or more additional therapeutic agents. Alternatively, in other embodiments, a unit dose of one or more additional therapeutic agents is administered first, followed by administration of a unit dose of a compound of the present disclosure within seconds or minutes. In some embodiments, a unit dose of a compound of the present disclosure is administered first, followed, after a period of hours (e.g., 1-12 hours), by administration of a unit dose of one or more additional therapeutic agents. In other embodiments, a unit dose of one or more additional therapeutic agents is administered first, followed, after a period of hours (e.g., 1-12 hours), by administration of a unit dose of a compound of the present disclosure. Co-administration of a compound disclosed herein with one or more additional therapeutic agents generally refers to simultaneous or sequential administration of a compound disclosed herein and one or more additional therapeutic agents, such that therapeutically effective amounts of each agent are present in the body of the subject.

Provided are also pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, tautomeric forms, polymorphs, and prodrugs of the compounds described herein. “Pharmaceutically acceptable” or “physiologically acceptable” refer to compounds, salts, compositions, dosage forms and other materials which are useful in preparing a pharmaceutical composition that is suitable for veterinary or human pharmaceutical use.

The compounds described herein may be prepared and/or formulated as pharmaceutically acceptable salts or when appropriate as a free base. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are non-toxic salts of a free base form of a compound that possesses the desired pharmacological activity of the free base. These salts may be derived from inorganic or organic acids or bases. For example, a compound that contains a basic nitrogen may be prepared as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt by contacting the compound with an inorganic or organic acid. Non-limiting examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include sulfates, pyrosulfates, bisulfates, sulfites, bisulfites, phosphates, monohydrogen-phosphates, dihydrogenphosphates, metaphosphates, pyrophosphates, chlorides, bromides, iodides, acetates, propionates, decanoates, caprylates, acrylates, formates, isobutyrates, caproates, heptanoates, propiolates, oxalates, malonates, succinates, suberates, sebacates, fumarates, maleates, butyne-1,4-dioates, hexyne-1,6-dioates, benzoates, chlorobenzoates, methylbenzoates, dinitrobenzoates, hydroxybenzoates, methoxybenzoates, phthalates, sulfonates, methylsulfonates, propylsulfonates, besylates, xylenesulfonates, naphthalene-1-sulfonates, naphthalene-2-sulfonates, phenylacetates, phenylpropionates, phenylbutyrates, citrates, lactates, γ-hydroxybutyrates, glycolates, tartrates, and mandelates. Lists of other suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts are found in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21^(st) Edition, Lippincott Wiliams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pa., 2006.

Examples of “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” of the compounds disclosed herein also include salts derived from an appropriate base, such as an alkali metal (for example, sodium, potassium), an alkaline earth metal (for example, magnesium), ammonium and N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₄ ⁺. Also included are base addition salts, such as sodium or potassium salts.

Provided are also compounds described herein or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, isomers, or a mixture thereof, in which from 1 to n hydrogen atoms attached to a carbon atom may be replaced by a deuterium atom or D, in which n is the number of hydrogen atoms in the molecule. As known in the art, the deuterium atom is a non-radioactive isotope of the hydrogen atom. Such compounds may increase resistance to metabolism, and thus may be useful for increasing the half-life of the compounds described herein or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, isomer, or a mixture thereof when administered to a mammal. See, e.g., Foster, “Deuterium Isotope Effects in Studies of Drug Metabolism”, Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 5(12):524-527 (1984). Such compounds are synthesized by means well known in the art, for example by employing starting materials in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by deuterium.

Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into the disclosed compounds also include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, fluorine, chlorine, and iodine, such as ²H, ³H, ¹¹C, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹³N, ¹⁵N, ¹⁵O, ¹⁷O, ¹⁸O, ³¹P, ³²P, ³⁵S, ¹⁸F, ³⁶Cl, ¹²³I, and ¹²⁵I respectively. Substitution with positron emitting isotopes, such as ¹¹C, ¹⁸F, ¹⁵O and ¹³N, can be useful in Positron Emission Topography (PET) studies for examining substrate receptor occupancy. Isotopically-labeled compounds of Formula (I-A) can generally be prepared by conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art or by processes analogous to those described in the Examples as set out below using an appropriate isotopically-labeled reagent in place of the non-labeled reagent previously employed.

The compounds of the embodiments disclosed herein, or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts may contain one or more asymmetric centers and may thus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric forms that may be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R)- or (S)- or, as (D)- or (L)- for amino acids. The present disclosure is meant to include all such possible isomers, as well as their racemic and optically pure forms. Optically active (+) and (−), (R)- and (S)-, or (D)- and (L)-isomers may be prepared using chiral synthons or chiral reagents, or resolved using conventional techniques, for example, chromatography and fractional crystallization. Conventional techniques for the preparation/isolation of individual enantiomers include chiral synthesis from a suitable optically pure precursor or resolution of the racemate (or the racemate of a salt or derivative) using, for example, chiral high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). When the compounds described herein contain olefinic double bonds or other centers of geometric asymmetry, and unless specified otherwise, it is intended that the compounds include both E and Z geometric isomers. Likewise, all tautomeric forms are also intended to be included. Where compounds are represented in their chiral form, it is understood that the embodiment encompasses, but is not limited to, the specific diastereomerically or enantiomerically enriched form. Where chirality is not specified but is present, it is understood that the embodiment is directed to either the specific diastereomerically or enantiomerically enriched form; or a racemic or scalemic mixture of such compound(s). As used herein, “scalemic mixture” is a mixture of stereoisomers at a ratio other than 1:1.

“Stereoisomer” as used herein refers to a compound made up of the same atoms bonded by the same bonds but having different three-dimensional structures, which are not interchangeable. The present disclosure contemplates various stereoisomers and mixtures thereof and includes “enantiomers”, which refers to two stereoisomers whose molecules are non-superimposable mirror images of one another.

“Tautomer” as used herein refers to a proton shift from one atom of a molecule to another atom of the same molecule. In some embodiments, the present disclosure includes tautomers of said compounds.

“Solvate” as used herein refers to the result of the interaction of a solvent and a compound. Solvates of salts of the compounds described herein are also provided. Hydrates of the compounds described herein are also provided.

“Hydrate” as used herein refers to a compound of the disclosure that is chemically associated with one or more molecules of water.

“Prevention” or “preventing” means any treatment of a disease or condition that causes the clinical symptoms of the disease or condition not to develop. Compounds may, in some embodiments, be administered to a subject (including a human) who is at risk or has a family history of the disease or condition.

“Prodrug” as used herein refers to a derivative of a drug that upon administration to the human body is converted to the parent drug according to some chemical or enzymatic pathway. In some embodiments, a prodrug is a biologically inactive derivative of a drug that upon administration to the human body is converted to the biologically active parent drug according to some chemical or enzymatic pathway.

“Treatment” or “treat” or “treating” as used herein refers to an approach for obtaining beneficial or desired results. For purposes of the present disclosure, beneficial or desired results include, but are not limited to, alleviation of a symptom and/or diminishment of the extent of a symptom and/or preventing a worsening of a symptom associated with a disease or condition. In one embodiment, “treatment” or “treating” includes one or more of the following: a) inhibiting the disease or condition (e.g., decreasing one or more symptoms resulting from the disease or condition, and/or diminishing the extent of the disease or condition); b) slowing or arresting the development of one or more symptoms associated with the disease or condition (e.g., stabilizing the disease or condition, delaying the worsening or progression of the disease or condition); and c) relieving the disease or condition, e.g., causing the regression of clinical symptoms, ameliorating the disease state, delaying the progression of the disease, increasing the quality of life, and/or prolonging survival. “At risk individual” as used herein refers to an individual who is at risk of developing a condition to be treated. An individual “at risk” may or may not have detectable disease or condition, and may or may not have displayed detectable disease prior to the treatment of methods described herein. “At risk” denotes that an individual has one or more so-called risk factors, which are measurable parameters that correlate with development of a disease or condition and are known in the art. An individual having one or more of these risk factors has a higher probability of developing the disease or condition than an individual without these risk factor(s).

II. Compounds

In some embodiments, the compound of the present disclosure is a compound of Formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein

-   -   R¹ is     -   (a) a 5-membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one to         four R⁴, or     -   (b) a 5-membered heteroaryl, wherein the heteroaryl is fused to         a 5- or 6-membered ring having zero to three heteroatoms, each         independently N, O, or S, to form a fused ring system, wherein         the fused ring system is optionally substituted with one to four         R⁴;     -   ring A is

optionally substituted with one to three R^(A) groups, each independently C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, halogen, —OH, —CN, or N(R^(10a))(R^(10b));

-   -   ring B is

-   -    each of which is optionally substituted with one to three R^(B)         groups, each independently C₁₋₆ alkyl or halogen;     -   V is —C(R^(7a))(R^(7b))—;     -   R² is H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀         cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆         alkyl-heterocyclyl, or C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl,         alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl is each         optionally substituted with one to four Z1, wherein each Z¹ is         independently C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ hydroxyalkyl, C₂₋₆         alkoxyalkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, —OH, —CN,         C₁₋₆ alkyl-CN, —O—C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl or heteroaryl optionally         substituted with 1 to 4 groups each independently C₁₋₆ alkyl,         C₁₋₆ alkoxy, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, or C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy;     -   R³ is —C(O)OR^(3a);     -   R^(3a) is H, C₁₋₄ alkyl-N(R^(9a))(R^(9b)), —C₁₋₄         alkyl-N(R^(9a))C(O)—O—C₁₋₄ alkyl-OP(O)(OR^(9c))₂, C₁₋₄         alkyl-C(O)N(R^(9a))(R^(9b)), —C₁₋₄ alkyl-O—C(O)—C₁₋₄ alkyl,         —C₁₋₄ alkyl-O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₄ alkyl, —C₁₋₄ alkyl-O—C(O)—C₁₋₄         alkyl-N(R^(9a))(R^(9b)), —C₁₋₄ alkyl-O—C(O)—C₁₋₄         alkyl-OP(O)(OR^(9c))₂, —CH₂CH(N(R^(9a))₂)C(O)OR^(9b),         —P(O)(OR^(9c))₂, —OP(O)(OR^(9c))₂, —CH₂P(O)(OR^(9c))₂,         —CH₂OP(O)(OR^(9c))₂, —OCH₂P(O)(OR^(9c))₂,         C(O)OCH₂P(O)(OR^(9c))₂, —P(O)(R^(9c))(OR^(9d)),         —OP(O)(R^(9c))(OR^(9d))—CH₂P(O)(R^(9c))(OR^(9d)),         —OCH₂P(O)(R^(9c))(OR^(9d)), —C(O)OCH₂P(O)(R^(9c))(OR^(9d)),         —P(O)(N(R^(9c))₂)₂, —OP(O)(N(R^(9c))₂)₂, —CH₂P(O)(N(R^(9c))₂)₂,         —OCH₂P(O)(N(R^(9c))₂)₂, —C(O)OCH₂P(O)(N(R^(9c))₂)₂,         —P(O)(N(R^(9c))₂)(OR^(9d)), —OP(O)(N(R^(9c))₂)(OR^(9d)),         —CH₂P(O)(N(R^(9c))₂)(OR^(9d)), —OCH₂P(O)(N(R^(9c))₂)(OR^(9d)),         —C(O)OCH₂P(O)(N(R^(9c))₂)(OR^(9d)), —P(O)(R^(9c))(N(R^(9d))₂),         —OP(O)(R^(9c))(N(R^(9d))₂), —CH₂P(O)(R^(9c))(N(R^(9d))₂),         —OCH₂P(O)(R^(9c))(N(R^(9d))₂), —C(O)OCH₂P(O)(R⁹)(N(R^(9d))₂), or         C₁₋₆ alkyl-heterocyclyl,         -   wherein the alkyl or heterocyclyl is each optionally             substituted with one to four halogens;     -   each R⁴ is independently C₁₋₉ alkyl, C₁₋₈ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆         alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, C₂₋₆ alkoxyalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆         alkynyl, halogen, C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl,         heteroaryl, oxo, —NO₂, —N₃, —CN, —O—R^(10a), —C(O)—R^(10a),         —C(O)O—R^(10a), —C(O)—N(R^(10a))(R^(10b)), —N(R^(10a))(R^(10b)),         —N(R^(10a))₂(R^(10b))+, —N(R R^(10a))C(O)—R^(10b),         —N(R^(10a))C(O)O— R^(10b), —N(R^(10a))C(O)N(R^(10b))(R^(10c)),         —N(R^(10a))S(O)₂(R^(10b)), —NR^(10a)S(O)₂N(R^(10b))(R^(10c)),         —NR^(10a)S(O)₂O(R^(10b)), —OC(O) R^(10a), —OC(O)O R^(10a),         —OC(O)—N(R^(10a))(R^(10b)), —S—R^(10a), —S(O) R^(10a), —S(O)(NH)         R^(10a), —S(O)₂R^(10a), —S(O)₂N(R^(10a))(R^(10b)),         —S(O)(NR^(10a)) R^(10b), or —Si(R^(10a)         -   wherein each alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl,             heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted             with one to four R⁵;     -   each R⁵ is independently C₁₋₉ alkyl, C₁₋₈ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆         alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, C₂₋₆ alkoxyalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆         alkynyl, C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl, halogen, C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl,         heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, heteroaryl, oxo, —NO₂, —N₃, —CN, —O—         R^(10a), —C(O)— R^(10a), —C(O)O— R^(10a), —C(O)—N(R^(10a))(R         Rim), —N(R^(10a))(R^(10b)), —N(R^(10a))C(O)— R^(10b),         —N(R^(10a))C(O)O— R^(10b),         —N(R^(10a))C(O)N(R^(10b))(R^(10c))—N(R^(10a))S(O)₂(R^(10b)),         —NR^(10a)S(O)₂N(R^(10b))(R^(10c)), —NR^(10a)S(O)₂O(R^(10b)),         —OC(O) R^(10a), —OC(O)O R^(10a), —OC(O)—N(R^(10a))(Rib),         —S—R^(10a), —S(O) Ria —S(O)(NH) R^(10a), —S(O)₂R^(10a),         —S(O)₂N(R^(10a))(R^(10b)), —S(O)(NR^(10a)) R^(10b), or         —Si(R^(10a))₃         -   wherein each alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl,             heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted             with one to four R⁶;     -   each R⁶ is independently C₁₋₉ alkyl, C₁₋₈ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆         alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, halogen, C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl,         C₆₋₁₀ aryl, heteroaryl, oxo, —OH, —CN, —NO₂, —NH₂, —N₃, —SH,         —O(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —O(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl), —O(C₂₋₆ alkenyl), —O(C₂₋₆         alkynyl), —O(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl), —O(heterocyclyl), —O(C₆₋₁₀         aryl), —O(heteroaryl), —NH(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl),         —NH(C₂₋₆ alkenyl), —NH(C₂₋₆ alkynyl), —NH(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl),         —NH(heterocyclyl), —NH(C₆₋₁₀ aryl), —NH(heteroaryl), —N(C₁₋₉         alkyl)₂, —N(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl)₂, —N(C₂₋₆ alkenyl)₂, —N(C₂₋₆         alkynyl)₂, —N(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl)₂, —N(heterocyclyl)₂, —N(C₆₋₁₀         aryl)₂, —N(heteroaryl)₂, —N(C₁₋₉ alkyl)(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl), —N(C₁₋₉         alkyl)(C₂₋₆ alkenyl), —N(C₁₋₉ alkyl)(C₂₋₆ alkynyl), —N(C₁₋₉         alkyl)(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl), —N(C₁₋₉ alkyl)(heterocyclyl), —N(C₁₋₉         alkyl)(C₆₋₁₀ aryl), —N(C₁₋₉ alkyl)(heteroaryl), —C(O)(C₁₋₉         alkyl), —C(O)(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl), —C(O)(C₂₋₆ alkenyl), —C(O)(C₂₋₆         alkynyl), —C(O)(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl), —C(O)(heterocyclyl),         —C(O)(C₆₋₁₀ aryl), —C(O)(heteroaryl), —C(O)O(C₁₋₉ alkyl),         —C(O)O(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl), —C(O)O(C₂₋₆ alkenyl), —C(O)O(C₂₋₆         alkynyl), —C(O)O(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl), —C(O)O(heterocyclyl),         —C(O)O(C₆₋₁₀ aryl), —C(O)O(heteroaryl), —C(O)NH₂, —C(O)NH(C₁₋₉         alkyl), —C(O)NH(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl), —C(O)NH(C₂₋₆ alkenyl),         —C(O)NH(C₂₋₆ alkynyl), —C(O)NH(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl),         —C(O)NH(heterocyclyl), —C(O)NH(C₆₋₁₀ aryl), —C(O)NH(heteroaryl),         —C(O)N(C₁₋₉ alkyl)₂, —C(O)N(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl)₂, —C(O)N(C₂₋₆         alkenyl)₂, —C(O)N(C₂₋₆ alkynyl)₂, —C(O)N(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl)₂,         —C(O)N(heterocyclyl)₂, —C(O)N(C₆₋₁₀ aryl)₂, —C(O)N(heteroaryl)₂,         —NHC(O)(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —NHC(O)(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl), —NHC(O)(C₂₋₆         alkenyl), —NHC(O)(C₂₋₆ alkynyl), —NHC(O)(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl),         —NHC(O)(heterocyclyl), —NHC(O)(C₆₋₁₀ aryl), —NHC(O)(heteroaryl),         —NHC(O)O(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —NHC(O)O(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl), —NHC(O)O(C₂₋₆         alkenyl), —NHC(O)O(C₂₋₆ alkynyl), —NHC(O)O(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl),         —NHC(O)O(heterocyclyl), —NHC(O)O(C₆₋₁₀ aryl),         —NHC(O)O(heteroaryl), —NHC(O)NH(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —NHC(O)NH(C₁₋₈         haloalkyl), —NHC(O)NH(C₂₋₆ alkenyl), —NHC(O)NH(C₂₋₆ alkynyl),         —NHC(O)NH(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl), —NHC(O)NH(heterocyclyl),         —NHC(O)NH(C₆₋₁₀ aryl), —NHC(O)NH(heteroaryl), —NHS(O)(C₁₋₉         alkyl), —N(C₁₋₉ alkyl)(S(O)(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —S(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —S(C₁₋₈         haloalkyl), —S(C₂₋₆ alkenyl), —S(C₂₋₆ alkynyl), —S(C₃₋₁₅         cycloalkyl), —S(heterocyclyl), —S(C₆₋₁₀ aryl), —S(heteroaryl),         —S(O)N(C₁₋₉ alkyl)₂, —S(O)(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —S(O)(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl),         —S(O)(C₂₋₆ alkenyl), —S(O)(C₂₋₆ alkynyl), —S(O)(C₃₋₁₅         cycloalkyl), —S(O)(heterocyclyl), —S(O)(C₆₋₁₀ aryl),         —S(O)(heteroaryl), —S(O)₂(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —S(O)₂(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl),         —S(O)₂(C₂₋₆ alkenyl), —S(O)₂(C₂₋₆ alkynyl), —S(O)₂(C₃₋₁₅         cycloalkyl), —S(O)₂(heterocyclyl), —S(O)₂(C₆₋₁₀ aryl),         —S(O)₂(heteroaryl), —S(O)(NH)(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —S(O)₂NH(C₁₋₉ alkyl),         or —S(O)₂N(C₁₋₉ alkyl)₂,         -   wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or             heteroaryl is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 C₁₋₉ alkyl,             C₁₋₈ haloalkyl, halogen, —OH, —NH₂, CO₂H, —O(C₁₋₉ alkyl),             —O(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl), —O(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl), —O(heterocyclyl),             —O(aryl), —O(heteroaryl), —NH(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₈             haloalkyl), —NH(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl), —NH(heterocyclyl),             —NH(aryl), —NH(heteroaryl), —N(C₁₋₉ alkyl)₂, —N(C₃₋₁₅             cycloalkyl)₂, —NHC(O)(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl), —NHC(O)(C₃₋₁₅             cycloalkyl), —NHC(O)(heterocyclyl), —NHC(O)(aryl),             —NHC(O)(heteroaryl), —NHC(O)O(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —NHC(O)O(C₁₋₈             haloalkyl), —NHC(O)O(C₂₋₆ alkynyl), —NHC(O)O(C₃₋₁₅             cycloalkyl), —NHC(O)O(heterocyclyl), —NHC(O)O(aryl),             —NHC(O)O(heteroaryl), —NHC(O)NH(C₁₋₉ alkyl), S(O)₂(C₁₋₉             alkyl), —S(O)₂(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl), —S(O)₂(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl),             —S(O)₂(heterocyclyl), —S(O)₂(aryl), —S(O)₂(heteroaryl),             —S(O)(NH)(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —S(O)₂NH(C₁₋₉ alkyl), or —S(O)₂N(C₁₋₉             alkyl)₂, wherein the alkyl or heterocyclyl is each             optionally substituted with one to four halogens;     -   each R^(7a) and R^(7b) is independently —H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or         halogen,     -   each R^(9a) and R^(9b) is independently H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, or R^(9a) and R^(9b) together form a 6-membered         heterocyclyl;     -   each R^(9c), R^(9d), R^(10a), R^(10b), and R^(10c) is         independently H, C₁₋₉ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₅         cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein the         alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or         heteroaryl is each optionally substituted with one to four R⁶;     -   wherein each heterocyclyl has three to twelve ring members and         has one to four heteroatoms, each independently N, O, or S; and     -   wherein each heteroaryl has five to twelve ring members and one         to four heteroatoms, each independently N, O, or S.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, R¹ is a 5-membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one to four R⁴.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, R¹ is

wherein subscript m is 0, 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments, subscript m is 0. In some embodiments, subscript m is 1. In some embodiments, subscript m is 2. In some embodiments, subscript m is 3.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, R¹ is a 5-membered heteroaryl, wherein the heteroaryl is fused to a 5- or 6-membered ring having zero to three heteroatoms, each independently N, O, or S, to form a fused ring system, wherein the fused ring system is optionally substituted with one to four R⁴.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, R¹ is

optionally substituted with one to four R⁴.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, ring A is

optionally substituted with one to three R^(A) groups.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, ring A is

optionally substituted with one to three R^(A) groups.

In some embodiments, each R^(A) is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, halogen, —OH, —CN, or N(R^(10a))(R^(10b)).

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, ring A is

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, V is —CH₂—.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, ring B is

each of which is optionally substituted with one to three R^(B) groups.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, ring B is

each of which is optionally substituted with one to three R^(B) groups.

In some embodiments, R^(B) is each independently C₁₋₆ alkyl or halogen.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, ring B is

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, R² is C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or C₁₋₆ alkyl-heterocyclyl, wherein each alkyl or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one to three Z¹, each independently C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, or C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, R² is

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, R² is

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, R³ is —C(O)OH.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, each R⁴ is independently C₁₋₉ alkyl, C₁₋₈ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, C₂₋₆ alkoxyalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, halogen, C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, heteroaryl, oxo, —NO₂, —N₃, —CN, —O—R^(12a), —C(O)—R^(12a), —C(O)O—R^(12a), —C(O)—N(R^(12a))(R^(12b)), —N(R^(12a))(R^(12b)), or —N(R^(12a))₂(R^(12b))⁺,

wherein each alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one to four R⁵.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, each R⁴ is independently C₁₋₉ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₈ haloalkyl, halogen, —CN, or —C(O)—N(R^(12a))(R^(12b)).

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, R⁵ is heteroaryl or heterocycle, optionally substituted with one to three C₁₋₉ alkyl.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, has the structure of a compound in Table 2.

Also disclosed herein are the in vivo metabolic products of the compounds described herein, to the extent such products are novel and unobvious over the prior art. Such products may result for example from the oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, amidation, esterification and the like of the administered compound, primarily due to enzymatic processes.

Accordingly, included are novel and unobvious compounds produced by a process comprising contacting a compound with a mammal for a period of time sufficient to yield a metabolic product thereof. Such products typically are identified by preparing a radiolabeled (e.g., ¹⁴C or ³H) compound, administering it parenterally in a detectable dose (e.g., greater than about 0.5 mg/kg) to an animal such as rat, mouse, guinea pig, monkey, or to man, allowing sufficient time for metabolism to occur (typically about 30 seconds to 30 hours) and isolating its conversion products from the urine, blood or other biological samples. These products can be easily isolated since they are labeled (others are isolated by the use of antibodies capable of binding epitopes surviving in the metabolite). The metabolite structures are determined in conventional fashion, e.g., by MS or NMR analysis. In general, analysis of metabolites can be done in the same way as conventional drug metabolism studies well-known to those skilled in the art. The conversion products, so long as they are not otherwise found in vivo, can be useful in diagnostic assays for therapeutic dosing of the compounds even if they possess no GLP-1R activity of their own.

Recipes and methods for determining stability of compounds in surrogate gastrointestinal secretions are known. Compounds are defined herein as stable in the gastrointestinal tract where less than about 50 mole percent of the protected groups are deprotected in surrogate intestinal or gastric juice upon incubation for 1 hour at 37° C. Simply because the compounds are stable to the gastrointestinal tract does not mean that they cannot be hydrolyzed in vivo. The prodrugs typically will be stable in the digestive system but may be substantially hydrolyzed to the parental drug in the digestive lumen, liver, lung or other metabolic organ, or within cells in general. As used herein, a prodrug is understood to be a compound that is chemically designed to efficiently liberate the parent drug after overcoming biological barriers to oral delivery.

II. Methods of Preparing Compounds

The compounds of the present disclosure can be prepared by any method known in the art. The following exemplary general methods illustrate routes that may be used to obtain a compound of the present disclosure.

Intermediate 1.3 may be assembled by reacting an amine with Intermediate 1.1, wherein R is an alkyl, alkylaryl, or aryl, in the presence of a suitable base (e.g., DIPEA, KOtBu, etc.) to give Intermediate 1.2. Intermediate 1.2 can be converted to Intermediate 1.3 using suitable reducing conditions (e.g., H₂ and Pd/C, Fe and HCl, etc.).

Intermediate 2.1 may be assembled by reacting an intermediate of the type 1.3 with 2-chloro-1,1,1-trimethoxyethane in the presence of a suitable acid (e.g., pTSA, HCl, AcOH, etc.).

Intermediate 3.7 may be assembled by first reacting an intermediate of the type 3.1 where Z is —CH═, —CX═, or —N═, X¹ is a halogen or suitable leaving group (e.g., —SO²Me), and X² is a halogen with a suitable alcohol of the type 3.2 in the presence of a suitable base (e.g., DIPEA, KOtBu, NaH, Cs₂CO₃ etc.) or transition metal catalyst (e.g., RockPhos Pd G3, JohnPhos and Pd(OAc)₂, etc.) with a base (e.g., Cs₂CO₃, K₂CO₃, etc) to give intermediate 3.3. 3.3 can then be converted to 3.5 via coupling with an intermediate of the type 3.4 where M is a suitable metal species (e.g., —B(OH)₂, —B-pinacol, —SnBu₃, etc.) and Pg is a suitable amine protecting group (e.g., Boc) using a transition metal catalyst (e.g., Pd(dppf)Cl₂, Pd(PPh₃)₄, etc.) and a suitable base (e.g., Cs₂CO₃, K₂CO₃, etc). 3.5 can then be converted to 3.6 via H₂ atmosphere and a suitable reduction catalyst (e.g., Pd/C, Pd(OH)₂, PtO₂, etc.) which can then be deprotected to intermediate 3.7 via acid treatment (e.g., TFA, HCl, etc.).

Alternately, intermediate 3.7 may be assembled by first converting 4.1 and 3.4 to intermediate 4.2 using a transition metal catalyst (e.g., Pd(dppf)Cl₂, Pd(PPh₃)₄, etc.) and a suitable base (e.g., Cs₂CO₃, K₂CO₃, etc). 4.2 can be converted to 4.3 via H₂ atmosphere and a suitable reduction catalyst (e.g., Pd/C, Pd(OH)₂, PtO₂, etc.) after which intermediate 3.6 can be obtained through the reaction of 4.3 with intermediate 4.4 in the presence of a suitable base (e.g., Cs₂CO₃, Ag₂CO₃, etc.). 3.7 can be obtained from 3.6 as previously described.

Intermediate 5.3 may first be assembled by reacting an intermediate of the type 3.3 where X² is a halogen with a suitably protected (e.g., Boc) piperazine of the type 5.1 in the presence of a suitable base (e.g., Cs₂CO₃), transition metal catalyst (e.g., Pd₂(dba)₃)) and a ligand (e.g., BINAP) to give intermediate 5.2. 5.2 can then be deprotected to intermediate 5.3 via acid treatment (e.g., TFA, HCl, etc.).

Intermediate 6.4 may be assembled by reacting an amine with Intermediate 6.1, wherein X is a halide R is an alkyl, alkylaryl, or aryl, in the presence of a suitable base (e.g., DIPEA, KOtBu, etc.) to give Intermediate 6.2. Intermediate 6.2 can be converted to Intermediate 6.3 using suitable reducing conditions (e.g., H₂ and Pd/C, Fe and HCl, etc.). Intermediate 6.4 can then be obtained through the reaction of 6.3 with 2-chloro-1,1,1-trimethoxyethane in the presence of a suitable acid (e.g., pTSA, HCl, AcOH, etc.).

Intermediate 7.4 may be assembled by reacting an amine with Intermediate 7.1, wherein X is a halide R is an alkyl, alkylaryl, or aryl, in the presence of a suitable base (e.g., DIPEA, KOtBu, etc.) to give Intermediate 7.2. Intermediate 7.2 can be converted to Intermediate 7.3 using suitable reducing conditions (e.g., H₂ and Pd/C, Fe and HCl, etc.). Intermediate 7.4 can then be obtained through the reaction of 7.3 with 2-chloro-1,1,1-trimethoxyethane in the presence of a suitable acid (e.g., pTSA, HCl, AcOH, etc.).

Compounds of the 8.3 may be assembled by first reacting intermediates of the type 3.7 and 6.4 the the presence of a suitable base (e.g., Cs₂CO₃, K₂CO³, etc.) to give intermediate 8.1. 8.1 can then be coupled with a metallated species of the type R 11-M wherein M represents a suitable metal (e.g., —B(OH)₂, —B-pinacol, —SnBu₃, etc.) in the presence of a suitable transition metal catalyst (e.g., Pd(dppf)Cl₂, Pd(PPh₃)₄, etc.) and a suitable base (e.g., Cs₂CO₃, K₂CO₃, etc) to give intermediate 8.2. Filly treatment of 8.2 with a suitable source of —OH (e.g., KOH, LiOH, etc.) when R is -Me or -Et or with a suitable acid (e.g., HCl, TFA, etc.) when R is -tBu will yield compound 8.3.

IV. Pharmaceutical Formulations

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the present disclosure (e.g., a compound of Formula (I)), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and one or more additional therapeutic agents, as more fully set forth below.

Pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds disclosed herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, may be prepared with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients which may be selected in accord with ordinary practice. Tablets may contain excipients including glidants, fillers, binders and the like. Aqueous compositions may be prepared in sterile form, and when intended for delivery by other than oral administration generally may be isotonic. In some embodiments, compositions may contain excipients such as those set forth in the Rowe et al, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 6^(th) edition, American Pharmacists Association, 2009. Excipients can include ascorbic acid and other antioxidants, chelating agents such as EDTA, carbohydrates such as dextrin, hydroxyalkylcellulose, hydroxyalkylmethylcellulose, stearic acid and the like. In some embodiments, the composition is provided as a solid dosage form, including a solid oral dosage form.

The compositions include those suitable for various administration routes, including oral administration. The compositions may be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. Such methods include the step of bringing into association the active ingredient (e.g., a compound of the present disclosure or a pharmaceutical salt thereof) with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. The compositions may be prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredient with liquid excipients or finely divided solid excipients or both, and then, if desired, shaping the product. Techniques and formulations generally are found in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21^(st) Edition, Lippincott Wiliams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pa., 2006.

Compositions described herein that are suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units (a unit dosage form) including but not limited to capsules, sachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition of the disclosure is a tablet.

Pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein comprise one or more compounds disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and optionally other therapeutic agents. Pharmaceutical compositions containing the active ingredient may be in any form suitable for the intended method of administration. When used for oral use for example, tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oil suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, emulsions, hard or soft capsules, syrups or elixirs may be prepared. Compositions intended for oral use may be prepared according to any method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and such compositions may contain one or more excipients including sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preserving agents, in order to provide a palatable preparation. Tablets containing the active ingredient in admixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients which are suitable for manufacture of tablets are acceptable. These excipients may be, for example, inert diluents, such as calcium or sodium carbonate, lactose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, povidone, calcium or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, such as maize starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, such as cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, starch, gelatin or acacia; and lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc. Tablets may be uncoated or may be coated by known techniques including microencapsulation to delay disintegration and adsorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period. For example, a time delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate alone or with a wax may be employed.

The amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the inactive ingredients to produce a dosage form may vary depending upon the intended treatment subject and the mode of administration. For example, in some embodiments, a dosage form for oral administration to humans may contain approximately 1 to 1000 mg of active material formulated with an appropriate and convenient amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient varies from about 5 to about 95% of the total compositions (weight:weight).

In some embodiments, a composition comprising a compound of the present disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in one variation does not contain an agent that affects the rate at which the active ingredient is metabolized. Thus, it is understood that compositions comprising a compound of the present disclosure in one aspect do not comprise an agent that would affect (e.g., slow, hinder or retard) the metabolism of a compound of the present disclosure or any other active ingredient administered separately, sequentially or simultaneously with a compound of the present disclosure. It is also understood that any of the methods, kits, articles of manufacture and the like detailed herein in one aspect do not comprise an agent that would affect (e.g., slow, hinder or retard) the metabolism of a compound of the present disclosure or any other active ingredient administered separately, sequentially or simultaneously with a compound of the present disclosure.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions described above are for use in a human or an animal.

The disclosure further includes a compound of the present disclosure for administration as a single active ingredient of a pharmaceutically acceptable composition which can be prepared by conventional methods known in the art, for example by binding the active ingredient to a pharmaceutically acceptable, therapeutically inert organic and/or inorganic carrier or excipient, or by mixing therewith.

In one aspect, provided herein is the use of a compound of the present disclosure as a second or other active ingredient having a synergistic effect with other active ingredients in known drugs, or administration of the compound of the present disclosure together with such drugs.

The compound of the present disclosure may also be used in the form of a prodrug or other suitably modified form which releases the active ingredient in vivo.

V. Routes of Administration

The compounds of the present disclosure (also referred to herein as the active ingredients), can be administered by any route appropriate to the condition to be treated. Suitable routes include oral, rectal, nasal, topical (including buccal and sublingual), transdermal, vaginal and parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal, intratumoral, intrathecal and epidural), and the like. It will be appreciated that the preferred route may vary with for example the condition of the recipient. An advantage of certain compounds disclosed herein is that they are orally bioavailable and can be dosed orally.

A compound of the present disclosure may be administered to an individual in accordance with an effective dosing regimen for a desired period of time or duration, such as at least about one month, at least about 2 months, at least about 3 months, at least about 6 months, or at least about 12 months or longer. In one variation, the compound is administered on a daily or intermittent schedule for the duration of the individual's life.

The dosage or dosing frequency of a compound of the present disclosure may be adjusted over the course of the treatment, based on the judgment of the administering physician.

The compound may be administered to an individual (e.g., a human) in an effective amount. In some embodiments, the compound is administered once daily.

The compound can be administered by any useful route and means, such as by oral or parenteral (e.g., intravenous) administration. Therapeutically effective amounts of the compound may include from about 0.00001 mg/kg body weight per day to about 10 mg/kg body weight per day, such as from about 0.0001 mg/kg body weight per day to about 10 mg/kg body weight per day, or such as from about 0.001 mg/kg body weight per day to about 1 mg/kg body weight per day, or such as from about 0.01 mg/kg body weight per day to about 1 mg/kg body weight per day, or such as from about 0.05 mg/kg body weight per day to about 0.5 mg/kg body weight per day, or such as from about 0.3 mg to about 30 mg per day, or such as from about 30 mg to about 300 mg per day.

A compound of the present disclosure may be combined with one or more additional therapeutic agents in any dosage amount of the compound of the present disclosure (e.g., from 1 mg to 1000 mg of compound). Therapeutically effective amounts may include from about 1 mg per dose to about 1000 mg per dose, such as from about 50 mg per dose to about 500 mg per dose, or such as from about 100 mg per dose to about 400 mg per dose, or such as from about 150 mg per dose to about 350 mg per dose, or such as from about 200 mg per dose to about 300 mg per dose. Other therapeutically effective amounts of the compound of the present disclosure are about 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425, 450, 475, or about 500 mg per dose. Other therapeutically effective amounts of the compound of the present disclosure are about 100 mg per dose, or about 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 350, 400, 450, or about 500 mg per dose. A single dose can be administered hourly, daily, or weekly. For example, a single dose can be administered once every 1 hour, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16 or once every 24 hours. A single dose can also be administered once every 1 day, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or once every 7 days. A single dose can also be administered once every 1 week, 2, 3, or once every 4 weeks. In some embodiments, a single dose can be administered once every week. A single dose can also be administered once every month.

Kits that comprise a compound of the present disclosure, or an enantiomer, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition containing any of the above, are also included in the present disclosure. In one embodiment, a kit further includes instructions for use. In one aspect, a kit includes a compound of the disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, tautomer, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, prodrug, or deuterated analog thereof, and a label and/or instructions for use of the compounds in the treatment of the indications, such as the diseases or conditions, described herein. In one embodiment, kits comprising a compound of the present disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, one or two, or one to three, or one to four) additional therapeutic agents are provided.

Provided herein are also articles of manufacture that include a compound of the present disclosure or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, tautomer, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, prodrug, or deuterated analog thereof in a suitable container. The container may be a vial, jar, ampoule, preloaded syringe, and intravenous bag.

VI. Combination Therapy

In some embodiments, a compound of the present disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, can be combined with a therapeutically effective amount of one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, one or two, one to three, or one to four) additional therapeutic agents. In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent comprises an apoptotic signal-regulating kinase (ASK-1) inhibitor, a farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) agonist, fish oil, an acetyl-coA carboxylase (ACC) inhibitor, a TGFβ antagonist, a LPAR antagonist, a SGLT2 inhibitor, a Tpl2 inhibitor, or a GLP-1 agonist combination thereof.

The benefit of combination may be increased efficacy and/or reduced side effects for a component as the dose of that component may be adjusted down to reduce its side effects while benefiting from its efficacy augmented by the efficacy of the compound of the present disclosure.

In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent, or combination of therapeutic agents, are a(n) ACE inhibitor, 2-Acylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) inhibitor, Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor, Acetyl CoA carboxylase inhibitor, Adrenergic receptor agonist, Alstrom syndrome protein 1(ALMS1)/PKC alpha protein interaction inhibitor, Apelin receptor agonist, Diacylglycerol O acyltransferase 2 inhibitor, Adenosine A3 receptor agonist, Adenosine A3 receptor antagonist, Adiponectin receptor agonist, Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 stimulator, AKT protein kinase inhibitor, AMP-activated protein kinases (AMPK), AMP kinase activator, ATP citrate lyase inhibitor, AMP activated protein kinase stimulator, Endothelial nitric oxide synthase stimulator, NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-1 stimulator, Adrenergic receptor antagonist, Androgen receptor agonist, Amylin receptor agonist, Angiotensin II AT-1 receptor antagonist, Apical sodium-dependent bile acid transport inhibitor, Autophagy protein modulator, Autotaxin inhibitors, Axl tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor, Bax protein stimulator, Beta-catenin inhibitor, Bioactive lipid, Calcitonin agonist, Cannabinoid receptor modulator, Caspase inhibitor, Caspase-3 stimulator, Cathepsin inhibitor, Caveolin 1 inhibitor, CCK receptor antagonist, CCL26 gene inhibitor, CCR2 chemokine antagonist, CCR2 chemokine antagonist, Angiotensin II AT-1 receptor antagonist, CCR3 chemokine antagonist, CCR5 chemokine antagonist, CD3 antagonist, CDGSH iron sulfur domain protein modulator, chitinase inhibitor, Chloride channel stimulator, Chitotriosidase 1 inhibitor, CNR1 inhibitor, Connective tissue growth factor ligand inhibitor, COT protein kinase inhibitor, Cyclin D1 inhibitor, Cytochrome P450 7A1 inhibitor, Cytochrome P450 reductase inhibitors, DGAT1/2 inhibitor, Diacylglycerol O acyltransferase 1 inhibitor (DGAT1), Cytochrome P450 2E1 inhibitor (CYP2E1), CXCR3 chemokine antagonist, CXCR4 chemokine antagonist, Dihydroceramide delta 4 desaturase inhibitor, Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitor, Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor, Endosialin modulator, Eotaxin ligand inhibitor, Extracellular matrix protein modulator, Farnesoid X receptor agonist, Fatty acid synthase inhibitors, FGF1 receptor agonist, Fibroblast growth factor (FGF-15, FGF-19, FGF-21) ligands, fibroblast activation protein inhibitor, Free fatty acid receptor 1 agonist, Galectin-3 inhibitor, GDNF family receptor alpha like agonist, Glucagon receptor agonist, Glucagon-like peptide 1 agonist, Glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, Glucose 6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase inhibitor, G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 1 agonist, G-protein coupled receptor-119 agonist, G-protein coupled receptor 84 antagonist, Hedgehog (Hh) modulator, Hepatitis C virus NS3 protease inhibitor, Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha modulator (HNF4A), Hepatocyte growth factor modulator, Histone deacetylase inhibitor, STAT-3 modulator, HMG CoA reductase inhibitor, HSD17B13 gene inhibitor, 5-HT 2a receptor antagonist, Hydrolase inhibitor, Hypoxia inducible factor-2 alpha inhibitor, IL-10 agonist, IL-17 antagonist, IL-22 agonist, Ileal sodium bile acid cotransporter inhibitor, Insulin sensitizer, Insulin ligand agonist, Insulin receptor agonist, integrin modulator, Integrin Antagonist, Integrin alpha-V/beta-1 antagonist, Integrin alpha-V/beta-6 antagonist, interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) inhibitor, IL-6 receptor agonist, interleukin 17 ligand inhibitor, Jak2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor, Jun N terminal kinase-1 inhibitor, Kelch like ECH associated protein 1 modulator, Ketohexokinase (KHK) inhibitor, Klotho beta stimulator, Leukotriene A4 hydrolase inhibitor, 5-Lipoxygenase inhibitor, Lipoprotein lipase inhibitor, Liver X receptor, LPL gene stimulator, Lysophosphatidate-1 receptor antagonist, Lysyl oxidase homolog 2 inhibitor, LXR inverse agonists, Macrophage mannose receptor 1 modulator, Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) inhibitor, MEKK-5 protein kinase inhibitor, MCH receptor-1 antagonist, Membrane copper amine oxidase (VAP-1) inhibitor, Methionine aminopeptidase-2 inhibitor, Methyl CpG binding protein 2 modulator, MicroRNA-132 (miR-132) antagonist, MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) inhibitor, Mitochondrial uncoupler, Mixed lineage kinase-3 inhibitor, Motile sperm domain protein 2 inhibitor, Myelin basic protein stimulator, NACHT LRR PYD domain protein 3 (NLRP3) inhibitor, NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin stimulator, NADPH oxidase inhibitor (NOX), NFE2L2 gene inhibitor, Nicotinic acid receptor 1 agonist, Opioid receptor mu antagonist, P2Y13 purinoceptor stimulator, Nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 stimulator, Nuclear receptor modulators, Nuclear transport of transcription factor modulator, P2X7 purinoceptor modulator, PACAP type I receptor agonist, PDE 3 inhibitor, PDE 4 inhibitor, PDE 5 inhibitor, PDGF receptor beta modulator, Phenylalanine hydroxylase stimulator, Phospholipase C inhibitor, Phosphoric diester hydrolase inhibitor, PPAR alpha agonist, PPAR delta agonist, PPAR gamma agonist, Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A inhibitor, PNPLA3 gene inhibitor, −PPAR gamma modulator, Protease-activated receptor-2 antagonist, Protein kinase modulator, Protein NOV homolog modulator, PTGS2 gene inhibitor, renin inhibitor, Resistin/CAP1 (adenylyl cyclase associated protein 1) interaction inhibitor, Rho associated protein kinase inhibitor, RNA polymerase inhibitors, S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) enzyme inhibitor, Sodium glucose transporter-2 inhibitor, Sphingolipid delta 4 desaturase DES1 inhibitor, SREBP transcription factor inhibitor, STAT-1 inhibitor, Stearoyl CoA desaturase-1 inhibitor, STK25 inhibitor, Suppressor of cytokine signalling-1 stimulator, Suppressor of cytokine signalling-3 stimulator, Taste receptor type 2 agonist, Telomerase stimulator, TERT gene modulator, TGF beta (TGFB1) ligand inhibitor, TNF antagonist, Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), Transforming growth factor R activated Kinase 1 (TAK1), Thyroid hormone receptor beta agonist, TLR-4 antagonist, Transglutaminase inhibitor, Tyrosine kinase receptor modulator, GPCR modulator, nuclear hormone receptor modulator, TLR-9 antagonist, VDR agonist, Vitamin D3 receptor modulators, WNT modulators, YAP/TAZ modulator or a Zonulin inhibitor, and combinations thereof.

Non-limiting examples of the one or more additional therapeutic agents include:

-   -   ACE inhibitors, such as enalapril;     -   Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors, such as ADX-629;     -   Acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) inhibitors, such as NDI-010976         (firsocostat), DRM-01, gemcabene, GS-834356, PF-05175157,         QLT-091382, PF-05221304;     -   Acetyl CoA carboxylase/Diacylglycerol 0 acyltransferase 2         inhibitors, such as PF-07055341;     -   Adenosine receptor agonists, such as CF-102 (namodenoson),         CF-101 (piclidenoson), CF-502, CGS21680;     -   Adenosine A3 receptor antagonist, such as FM-101;     -   Adiponectin receptor agonists, such as ADP-355, ADP-399,         ALY668-SR;     -   Adrenergic receptor antagonist, such as bromocriptine,         phentermine, VI-0521;     -   Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 stimulators, such as FP-045;     -   Amylin/calcitonin receptor agonists, such as KBP-042, KBP-089;     -   AMP activated protein kinase stimulators, such as C-455,         PXL-770, O-304;     -   AMP kinase activators/ATP citrate lyase inhibitors, such as         bempedoic acid (ETC-1002, ESP-55016);     -   AMP activated protein kinase/Endothelial nitric oxide         synthase/NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-1 stimulators, such         as NS-0200 (leucine+metformin+sildenafil);     -   Androgen receptor agonists, such as LPCN-1144, LPCN-1148,         testosterone prodrug;     -   Angiotensin II AT-1 receptor antagonists, such as irbesartan;     -   Angiopoietin-related protein-3 inhibitors, such as vupanorsen         (IONIS-ANGPTL3-LRx);     -   Apelin receptor agonist, such as CB-5064, MBT-2;     -   Apical sodium-dependent bile acid transport inhibitors, such as         A-3907;     -   Autophagy protein modulators, such as A-2906, GM-90194;     -   Autotaxin (ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2         (NPP2 or ENPP2)) inhibitors, such as FP10.47, PAT-505, PAT-048,         GLPG-1690, X-165, PF-8380, TJC-0265, TJC-0316, AM-063, BBT-877;     -   Axl tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitors, such as bemcentinib         (BGB-324, R-428);     -   Bax protein stimulators, such as CBL-514;     -   Bioactive lipids, such as DS-102;     -   Cannabinoid receptor modulators, such as namacizumab         (nimacimab), GWP-42004, REV-200, CRB-4001, INV-101, SCN-002;     -   Caspase inhibitors, such as emricasan;     -   Pan cathepsin B inhibitors, such as VBY-376;     -   Pan cathepsin inhibitors, such as VBY-825;     -   CCK receptor antagonist, such as proglumide;     -   CCL26 gene inhibitor, such as mosedipimod, KDDF-201410-10;     -   CCR2/CCR5 chemokine antagonists, such as BMS-687681,         cenicriviroc, maraviroc, CCX-872, leronlimab, WXSH-0213;     -   CCR2/CCR5 chemokine antagonists and FXR agonists, such as         LJC-242 (tropifexor+cenivriviroc);     -   CCR2 chemokine antagonists, such as propagermanium;     -   CCR2 chemokine/Angiotensin II AT-1 receptor antagonists, such as         DMX-200, DMX-250;     -   CCR3 chemokine antagonists, such as bertilimumab;     -   CD3 antagonists, such as NI-0401 (foralumab);     -   CDGSH iron sulfur domain protein modulators, such as EYP-002;     -   Chitinase inhibitor, such as OATD-01;     -   Chitotriosidase 1 inhibitors, such as OAT-2068;     -   Chloride channel stimulators, such as cobiprostone, and         lubiprostone;     -   Casein kinase-1 (CK1) delta/epsilon inhibitors, such as         PF-05006739;     -   Connective tissue growth factor ligand inhibitor, such as         PBI-4050;     -   COT protein kinase inhibitors, such as GS-4875, GS-5290;     -   CXCR4 chemokine antagonists, such as AD-214;     -   Cytochrome P450 reductase inhibitors, such as SNP-630;     -   Diglyceride acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) inhibitors, such as         IONIS-DGAT2Rx, PF-06865571;     -   Diglyceride acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) inhibitors, such as         GSK-3008356;     -   Diacylglycerol O acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1)/Cytochrome P450 2E1         inhibitors (CYP2E1), such as SNP-610;     -   Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitor, such as vidofludimus;     -   Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors, such as linagliptin,         evogliptin;     -   Eotaxin ligand inhibitors, such as bertilimumab, CM-101;     -   Extracellular matrix protein modulators, such as CNX-024;     -   Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists, such as AGN-242266,         AGN-242256, ASC-42, EDP-297 (EP-024297), RDX-023, BWL-200,         AKN-083, EDP-305, GNF-5120, cilofexor tromethamine (GS-9674),         HPG-1860, IOT-022, LMB-763, obeticholic acid, Px-102, Px-103,         M790, M780, M450, M-480, MET-409, MET-642, PX20606, SYHA-1805,         vonafexor (EYP-001), TERN-101, TC-100, INT-2228, TQA-3526,         ZG-5266, HPD-001, alendronate;     -   Farnesoid X receptor (FXR)/G-protein coupled bile acid receptor         1 (TGR5) agonists, such as INT-767;     -   Fatty acid synthase inhibitors, such as TVB-2640, FT-8225;     -   Fibroblast growth factor 19 (rhFGF19)/cytochrome P450 (CYP) 7A1         inhibitors, such as aldafermin (NGM-282);     -   Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) ligand modulators, such as         AP-025, BMS-986171, B-1654, BI089-100, BOS-580, Pegbelfermin         (BMS-986036), B-1344, NN-9499;     -   Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21)/glucagon like peptide 1         (GLP-1) agonists, such as YH-25723 (YH-25724; YH-22241),         efruxifermin (AKR-001);     -   FGF receptor agonists/Klotho beta stimulators, such as         BFKB-8488A (RG-7992);     -   Free fatty acid receptor 1 agonist, such as SCO-267;     -   Galectin-3 inhibitors, such as belapectin (GR-MD-02), GB-1107         (Gal-300), GB-1211 (Gal-400), IMT-001;     -   GDNF family receptor alpha like agonist, such as NGM-395;     -   Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1R) agonists, such as ALT-801,         AC-3174, liraglutide, cotadutide (MEDI-0382), SAR-425899,         LY-3305677, HM-15211, YH-25723, YH-GLP1, RPC-8844, PB-718,         PF-06882961, semaglutide;     -   Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist; Oxyntomodulin ligand;         Glucagon receptor agonist, such as efinopegdutide;     -   Gastric inhibitory polypeptide/Glucagon-like peptide-1         (GIP/GLP-1) receptor co-agonist, such as tirzepatide         (LY-3298176);     -   PEGylated long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1/glucagon         (GLP-1R/GCGR) receptor dual agonist, such as DD-01;     -   Glucagon/GLP1-receptor agonist, such as BI-456906, NN-6177;     -   Glucocorticoid receptor antagonists, such as CORT-118335         (miricorilant);     -   Glucose 6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase inhibitors, such as ST001;     -   Glucokinase stimulator, such as dorzagliatin, sinogliatin         (RO-5305552);     -   G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 1 (TGR5) agonists, such as         RDX-009, INT-777, HY-209;     -   G-protein coupled receptor 84 antagonist, such as PBI-4547;     -   G-protein coupled receptor-119 agonist, such as DA-1241;     -   Heat shock protein 47 (HSP47) inhibitors, such as ND-L02-s0201;     -   Hedgehog protein TGF beta ligand inhibitors, such as Oxy-210;     -   Histone deacetylase inhibitors/STAT-3 modulators, such as         SFX-01;     -   HMG CoA reductase inhibitors, such as atorvastatin, fluvastatin,         pitavastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, simvastatin;     -   HSD17B13 gene inhibitor, such as ALN-HSD, ARO-HSD;     -   Hydrolase inhibitor, such as ABD-X;     -   Hypoxia inducible factor-2 alpha inhibitors, such as PT-2567;     -   IL-10 agonists, such as peg-ilodecakin;     -   Ileal sodium bile acid cotransporter inhibitors, such as         odevixibat (A-4250), volixibat potassium ethanolate hydrate         (SHP-262), GSK2330672, CJ-14199, elobixibat (A-3309);     -   Insulin sensitizers, such as, KBP-042, azemiglitazone potassium         (MSDC-0602K), ION-224, MSDC-5514, Px-102, RG-125 (AZD4076),         Tolimidone, VVP-100X, CB-4211, ETI-101;     -   Insulin ligand/dsInsulin receptor agonists, such as ORMD-0801;     -   Integrin antagonists, such as IDL-2965;     -   IL-6 receptor agonists, such as KM-2702;     -   Integrin alpha-V/beta-6 and alpha-V/beta-1 dual inhibitor; such         as PLN-74809;     -   Interleukin 17 ligand inhibitor, such as netakimab;     -   Jak1/2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor, such as baricitinib;     -   Jun N terminal kinase-1 inhibitor, such as CC-90001;     -   Kelch like ECH associated protein 1 modulator, such as         alpha-cyclodextrin-stabilized sulforaphane;     -   Ketohexokinase (KHK) inhibitors, such as PF-06835919,         LY-3478045, LY-3522348;     -   beta Klotho (KLB)-FGF1c agonists, such as MK-3655 (NGM-313);     -   Leukotriene A4 hydrolase inhibitor, such as LYS-006;     -   5-Lipoxygenase inhibitors, such as tipelukast (MN-001),         epeleuton (DS-102, -(AF-102);     -   Lipoprotein lipase inhibitors, such as CAT-2003;     -   LPL gene stimulators, such as alipogene tiparvovec;     -   Liver X receptor (LXR) inhibitors, such as PX-665, PX-L603,         PX-L493, BMS-852927, T-0901317, GW-3965, SR-9238;     -   Lysophosphatidate-1 receptor antagonists, such as BMT-053011,         UD-009 (CP-2090), AR-479, ITMN-10534, BMS-986020, KI-16198;     -   Lysyl oxidase homolog 2 inhibitors, such as simtuzumab,         PXS-5382A (PXS-5338);     -   Macrophage mannose receptor 1 modulators, such as         tilmanocept-Cy3 (technetium Tc 99m tilmanocept);     -   Matrix metalloprotease inhibitors, such as ALS-L1023;     -   Membrane copper amine oxidase (VAP-1) inhibitors, such as         TERN-201, TT-01025;     -   MEKK-5 protein kinase (ASK-1) inhibitors, such as CJ-16871,         CS-17919, selonsertib (GS-4997), SRT-015, GS-444217, GST-HG-151,         TERN-301;     -   MCH receptor-1 antagonists, such as CSTI-100 (ALB-127158);     -   Semicarbazide-Sensitive Amine Oxidase/Vascular Adhesion         Protein-1 (SSAO/VAP-1) Inhibitors, such as PXS-4728A         (BI-1467335);     -   Methionine aminopeptidase-2 inhibitors, such as ZGN-1061,         ZGN-839, ZN-1345;     -   Methyl CpG binding protein 2 modulators, such as mercaptamine;     -   Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MCRA), such as MT-3995         (apararenone);     -   Mitochondrial uncouplers, such as 2,4-dinitrophenol, HU6,         Mito-99-0053;     -   Mixed lineage kinase-3 inhibitors, such as URMC-099-C;     -   Motile sperm domain protein 2 inhibitors, such as VB-601;     -   Myelin basic protein stimulators, such as olesoxime;     -   Myeloperoxidase inhibitors, such as PF-06667272, AZM-198;     -   NADPH oxidase inhibitors, such as GKT-831, GenKyoTex, APX-311,         setanaxib;     -   Nicotinic acid receptor 1 agonists, such as ARI-3037MO;     -   NACHT LRR PYD domain protein 3 (NLRP3) inhibitors, such as         KDDF-201406-03, NBC-6, IFM-514, JT-194 (JT-349);     -   NFE2L2 gene inhibitor, such as GeRP-amiR-144;     -   Nuclear transport of transcription factor modulators, such as         AMTX-100;     -   Nuclear receptor modulators, such as DUR-928 (DV-928);     -   Opioid receptor mu antagonists, such as methylnaltrexone;     -   P2X7 purinoceptor modulators, such as SGM-1019;     -   P2Y13 purinoceptor stimulators, such as CER-209;     -   PDE 3/4 inhibitors, such as tipelukast (MN-001);     -   PDE 5 inhibitors, such as sildenafil, MSTM-102;     -   PDGF receptor beta modulators, such as BOT-191, BOT-509;     -   Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase inhibitors, such as CRV-431         (CPI-432-32), NVP-018, NV-556 (NVP-025);     -   Phenylalanine hydroxylase stimulators, such as HepaStem;     -   Phosphoric diester hydrolase inhibitor, such as ZSP-1601;     -   PNPLA3 gene inhibitor, such as AZD-2693;     -   PPAR agonists, such as Chiglitazar, elafibranor (GFT-505),         seladelpar lysine (MBX-8025), deuterated pioglitazone         R-enantiomer, pioglitazone, PXL-065 (DRX-065), saroglitazar,         lanifibranor (IVA-337), CHS-131, pemafibrate (K-877), ZG-0588,         ZSP-0678, ZSYM-008;     -   Protease-activated receptor-2 antagonists, such as PZ-235;     -   Protein kinase modulators, such as CNX-014;     -   Protein NOV homolog modulators, such as BLR-200;     -   PTGS2 gene inhibitors, such as STP-705, STP-707;     -   Renin inhibitors, such as PRO-20;     -   Resistin/CAP1 (adenylyl cyclase associated protein 1)         interaction inhibitors, such as DWJ-211;     -   Rev protein modulator, such as ABX-464;     -   Rho associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitors, such as         REDX-10178 (REDX-10325), KD-025, RXC-007, TDI-01;     -   RNA polymerase inhibitors, such as rifaximin;     -   Snitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) enzyme inhibitors, such as         SL-891;     -   Sodium glucose transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, such as         ipragliflozin, remogliflozin etabonate, ertugliflozin,         dapagliflozin, tofogliflozin, sotagliflozin;     -   Sodium glucose transporter-1/2 (SGLT 1/2) inhibitors, such as         licogliflozin bis(prolinate) (LIK-066);     -   SREBP transcription factor inhibitors, such as CAT-2003, HPN-01,         MDV-4463;     -   Stearoyl CoA desaturase-1 inhibitors, such as aramchol;     -   Taste receptor type 2 agonists, such as ARD-101;     -   Thyroid hormone receptor beta agonists, such as ALG-009, ASC-41,         CNPT-101101; CNPT-101207, CS-27186, KY-41111, resmetirom         (MGL-3196), MGL-3745, TERN-501, VK-2809, HP-515;     -   TLR-2/TLR-4 antagonists, such as VB-201 (CI-201);     -   TLR-4 antagonists, such as JKB-121, JKB-122, naltrexone;     -   Tyrosine kinase receptor modulators, such as CNX-025, GFE-2137         (repurposed nitazoxanide);     -   TLR-9 antagonist, such as GNKS-356, AVO-101;     -   TNF antagonist, such as ALF-421;     -   GPCR modulators, such as CNX-023;     -   Nuclear hormone receptor modulators, such as Px-102;     -   VDR agonist, such as CK-15;     -   Xanthine oxidase inhibitors, such as ACQT-1127;     -   Xanthine oxidase/Urate anion exchanger 1 (URAT1) inhibitors,         such as RLBN-1001, RLBN-1127; or     -   Zonulin Inhibitors, such as larazotide acetate (INN-202).

In certain specific embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents are selected from A-4250, AC-3174, acetylsalicylic acid, AK-20, alipogene tiparvovec, AMX-342, AN-3015, anti-CXCR3 antibodies, anti-TAGE antibody, aramchol, ARI-3037MO, ASP-8232, AXA-1125, bertilimumab, Betaine anhydrous, BI-1467335, BMS-986036, BMS-986171, BMT-053011, BOT-191, BTT-1023, budesonide, BX-003, CAT-2003, cenicriviroc, CBW-511, CER-209, CF-102, CGS21680, CNX-014, CNX-023, CNX-024, CNX-025, cobiprostone, colesevelam, dabigatran etexilate mesylate, dapagliflozin, DCR-LIV1, deuterated pioglitazone R-enantiomer, 2,4-dinitrophenol, DRX-065, DS-102, DUR-928, edaravone (TTYP-01), EDP-305, elafibranor (GFT-505), emricasan, enalapril, ertugliflozin, evogliptin, F-351, fluasterone (ST-002), FT-4101, GDD-3898, GH-509, GKT-831, GNF-5120, GRI-0621, GR-MD-02, GS-300, GS-4997, GS-9674, GS-4875, GS-5290, HEC-96719, HTD-1801, HS-10356, HSG-4112, HST-202, HST-201, HU-6, hydrochlorothiazide, icosabutate (PRC-4016), icosapent ethyl ester, IMM-124-E, INT-767, INV-240, ION-455, IONIS-DGAT2Rx, ipragliflozin, Irbesarta, propagermanium, IVA-337, J2H-1702, JKB-121, KB-GE-001, KBLP-004, KBLP-009, KBP-042, KD-025, M790, M780, M450, metformin, sildenafil, LB-700, LC-280126, linagliptin, liraglutide, (LJN-452) tropifexor, LM-011, LM-002 (CVI-LM-002), LMB-763, LYN-100, MB-N-008, MBX-8025, MDV-4463, mercaptamine, MGL-3196, MGL-3745, MP-301, MSDC-0602K, namacizumab, NC-101, NDI-010976, ND-L02-s0201 (BMS-986263), NGM-282, NGM-313, NGM-386, NGM-395, NP-011, NP-135, NP-160-norursodeoxycholic acid, NV-422, NVP-022, 0-304, obeticholic acid (OCA), 25HC3S, olesoxime, PAT-505, PAT-048, PBI-4547, peg-ilodecakin, pioglitazone, pirfenidone, PRI-724, PX20606, Px-102, PX-L603, PX-L493, PXS-4728A, PZ-235, PZH-2109, RCYM-001, RDX-009, remogliflozin etabonate, RG-125 (AZD4076), RP-005, RPI-500, S-723595, saroglitazar, SBP-301, semaglutide, SH-2442, SHC-028, SHC-023, simtuzumab, solithromycin, sotagliflozin, statins (atorvastatin, fluvastatin, pitavastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, simvastatin), TCM-606F, TEV-45478, TQA-3526, TQA-3563, tipelukast (MN-001), TLY-012, TRX-318, TVB-2640, TXR-611, TXR-612, TS-20004, UD-009, UN-03, ursodeoxycholic acid, VBY-376, VBY-825, VK-2809, vismodegib, volixibat potassium ethanolate hydrate (SHP-626), VVP-100X, WAV-301, WNT-974, WXSH-0038, WXSH-0078, XEN-103, XRx-117, XTYW-003, XW-003, XW-004, XZP-5610, ZGN-839, ZG-5216, ZSYM-008, or ZYSM-007.

Examples of Acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) inhibitors include, but are not limited to, those described in US2013123231, US2019134041, US2017267690, US2018298025;

Examples of Acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) inhibitors/Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists include, but are not limited to, those described in US2018280394;

Examples of Acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) inhibitors/Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists/MEKK-5 protein kinase (ASK-1) inhibitors include, but are not limited to, those described in US2018021341, US2018333401;

Examples of Acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCMEKK-5 protein kinase (ASK-1) inhibitors include, but are not limited to, those described in US2018311244;

Examples of Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists include, but are not limited to, those described in US2014221659, US2020281911, WO2020185685;

Examples of Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists/MEKK-5 protein kinase (ASK-1) inhibitors include, but are not limited to those described in US2017273952, US201813320;

Examples of MEKK-5 protein kinase (ASK-1) inhibitors include, but are not limited to, those described in US2011009410, US2013197037, US2016244430, US2016280683.

In some embodiments, the compound of the present disclosure is combined with one or more therapeutic agents selected from an anti-obesity agent including but not limited to peptide YY or an analogue thereof, a neuropeptide Y receptor type 2 (NPYR2) agonist, a NPYR1 agonist, an NPYR5 antagonist, a cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) antagonist, a lipase inhibitor (e.g., orlistat), a human proislet peptide (HIP), a melanocortin receptor 4 agonist (e.g., setmelanotide), a melanin concentrating hormone receptor 1 antagonist, a famesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist (e.g., obeticholic acid), apoptotic signal-regulating kinase (ASK-1) inhibitor, zonisamide, phentermine (alone or in combination with topiramate), a norepinephrine/dopamine reuptake inhibitor (e.g., buproprion), an opioid receptor antagonist (e.g., naltrexone), a combination of norepinephrine/dopamine reuptake inhibitor and opioid receptor antagonist (e.g., a combination of bupropion and naltrexone), a GDF-15 analog, sibutramine, a cholecystokinin agonist, amylin and analogues thereof (e.g., pramlintide), leptin and analogues thereof (e.g., metroleptin), a serotonergic agent (e.g., lorcaserin), a methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2) inhibitor (e.g., beloranib or ZGN-1061), phendimetrazine, diethylpropion, benzphetamine, an SGLT2 inhibitor (e.g., empagliflozin, canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, ipragliflozin, tofogliflozin, sergliflozin etabonate, remogliflozin etabonate, or ertugliflozin), an SGLTL1 inhibitor, a dual SGLT2/SGLT1 inhibitor, a fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) modulator, an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator, biotin, a MAS receptor modulator, or a glucagon receptor agonist (alone or in combination with another GLP-1 R agonist, e.g., liraglutide, exenatide, dulaglutide, albiglutide, lixisenatide, or semaglutide), an insulin sensitizer such as thiazolidinediones (TZDs), a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) agonist, fish oil, an acetyl-coA carboxylase (ACC) inhibitor, a transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) antagonist, a GDNF family receptor alpha like (GFRAL) agonist, a melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) agonist, including the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the specifically named agents and the pharmaceutically acceptable solvates of said agents and salts.

VII. Methods of Treatment

In some embodiments, compounds of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, are useful in a method of treating and/or preventing a GLP-1R mediated disease or condition. In some embodiments, a method for treating and/or preventing a GLP-1R mediated disease or condition includes administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of the present disclosure or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disease or condition comprises a liver disease or related diseases or conditions, e.g., liver fibrosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver cirrhosis, compensated liver fibrosis, decompensated liver fibrosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC), or Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC). In some embodiments, the disease or condition comprises a metabolic disease or related diseases or conditions, such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, or cardiometabolic diseases.

GLP-1R agonists are currently being investigated in connection with certain disorders and conditions, including for example diabetes. GLP-1 analogs that are DPP4 resistant and have longer half-lives than endogenous GLP-1 have been reported to be associated with weight loss and improved insulin action. Liraglutide, a peptide GLP-1R agonist approved in connection with treatment of diabetes, has been reported to show favorable improvements in outcomes in NASH subjects.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to the use of compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in the preparation of a medicament for the prevention and/or treatment of a disease or condition mediated by GLP-1R, such as a liver disease or metabolic disease. In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to the use of compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in the preparation of a medicament for the prevention and/or treatment of a disease or condition mediated by GLP-1R, such as a liver disease or metabolic disease. For example, some embodiments provide a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a use thereof, for treatment and/or prevention of chronic intrahepatic or some forms of extrahepatic cholestatic conditions, of liver fibrosis, of acute intraheptic cholestatic conditions, of obstructive or chronic inflammatory disorders that arise out of improper bile composition, of gastrointestinal conditions with a reduced uptake of dietary fat and fat-soluble dietary vitamins, of inflammatory bowel diseases, of lipid and lipoprotein disorders, of type II diabetes and clinical complications of type I and type II diabetes, of conditions and diseases which result from chronic fatty and fibrotic degeneration of organs due to enforced lipid and specifically triglyceride accumulation and subsequent activation of profibrotic pathways, of obesity and metabolic syndrome (combined conditions of dyslipidemia, diabetes and abnormally high body-mass index), of acute myocardial infarction, of acute stroke, of thrombosis which occurs as an endpoint of chronic obstructive atherosclerosis, of persistent infections by intracellular bacteria or parasitic protozoae, of non-malignant hyperproliferative disorders, of malignant hyperproliferative disorders, of colon adenocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma for instance, of liver steatosis and associated syndromes, of liver failure or liver malfunction as an outcome of chronic liver diseases or of surgical liver resection, of Hepatitis B infection, of Hepatitis C infection and/or of cholestatic and fibrotic effects that are associated with alcohol-induced cirrhosis or with viral-borne forms of hepatitis, of type I diabetes, pre-diabetes, idiopathic type 1 diabetes, latent autoimmune diabetes, maturity onset diabetes of the young, early onset diabetes, malnutrition-related diabetes, gestational diabetes, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hepatic insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, kidney disease, diabetic retinopathy, adipocyte dysfunction, visceral adipose deposition, obesity, eating disorders, sleep apnea, weight gain, sugar craving, dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, pulmonary hypertension, restenosis after angioplasty, intermittent claudication, post-prandial lipemia, metabolic acidosis, ketosis, arthritis, left ventricular hypertrophy, Parkinson's Disease, peripheral arterial disease, macular degeneration, cataract, glomerulosclerosis, chronic renal failure, metabolic syndrome, angina pectoris, premenstrual syndrome, thrombosis, atherosclerosis, impaired glucose metabolism, or vascular restenosis.

In some embodiments, a method of treating and/or preventing a non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), comprises administering to a subject in need thereof a compound of the present disclosure or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The disclosure also relates to a compound according to Formula (I) or a pharmaceutical composition comprising said compound for preventive and posttraumatic treatment of a cardiovascular disorder, such as acute myocardial infarction, acute stroke, or thrombosis which occur as an endpoint of chronic obstructive atherosclerosis. In some embodiments, a method for treating and/or preventing cardiovascular disorder comprises administering a compounds of Formula (I) to a subject in need thereof.

The disclosure further relates to a compound or pharmaceutical composition for the treatment and/or prevention of obesity and associated disorders such as metabolic syndrome (combined conditions of dyslipidemias, diabetes and abnormally high body-mass index) which can be overcome by GLP1R-mediated lowering of serum triglycerides, blood glucose and increased insulin sensitivity and GLP1R-mediated weight loss. In some embodiments, a method for treating and/or preventing a metabolic disease comprises administering a compounds of Formula (I) to a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, a method for treating and/or preventing a metabolic disease comprises administering a compounds of Formula (I), to a subject in need thereof.

In a further embodiment, the compounds or pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure are useful in preventing and/or treating clinical complications of Type I and Type II Diabetes. Examples of such complications include diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathies, or Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease (PAOD). Other clinical complications of diabetes are also encompassed by the present disclosure. In some embodiments, a method for treating and/or preventing complications of Type I and Type II Diabetes comprises administering a compounds of Formula (I) to a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, a method for treating and/or preventing complications of Type I and Type II Diabetes comprises administering a compounds of Formula (I) to a subject in need thereof.

Furthermore, conditions and diseases which result from chronic fatty and fibrotic degeneration of organs due to enforced lipid and/or triglyceride accumulation and subsequent activation of profibrotic pathways may also be prevented and/or treated by administering the compounds or pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure. Such conditions and diseases can include NASH and chronic cholestatic conditions in the liver, Glomerulosclerosis and Diabetic Nephropathy in the kidney, Macular Degeneration and Diabetic Retinopathy in the eye and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's Disease in the brain, or Diabetic Neuropathies in the peripheral nervous system. In some embodiments, a method for treating and/or preventing conditions and diseases which result from chronic fatty and fibrotic degeneration of organs due to enforced lipid and/or triglyceride accumulation and subsequent activation of profibrotic pathways comprises administering a compounds of Formula (I) to a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, a method for treating and/or preventing conditions and diseases which result from chronic fatty and fibrotic degeneration of organs due to enforced lipid and/or triglyceride accumulation and subsequent activation of profibrotic pathways comprises administering a compounds of Formula (I) to a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, a method for treating and/or preventing NASH comprises administering a compounds of Formula (I) to a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, a method for treating and/or preventing NASH comprises administering a compounds of Formula (I) to a subject in need thereof.

Further provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition for use in treating a GLP-1R mediated disease or condition described herein, comprising a compound of the present disclosure or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The present disclosure also describes a use for the manufacture of a medicament in treating a GLP-1R mediated disease or condition comprising a compound of the present disclosure or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Medicaments as referred to herein may be prepared by conventional processes, including the combination of a compound according to the present disclosure and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Also disclosed is a compound of the present disclosure or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for the treatment of a GLP-1R mediated disease or condition. Also disclosed is a compound of the present disclosure or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for the prevention of a GLP-1R mediated disease or condition.

VIII. Examples

Many general references providing commonly known chemical synthetic schemes and conditions useful for synthesizing the disclosed compounds are available (see, e.g., Smith, March's Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure, 7^(th) edition, Wiley-Interscience, 2013).

Compounds as described herein can be purified by any of the means known in the art, including chromatographic means, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), preparative thin layer chromatography, flash column chromatography and ion exchange chromatography. Any suitable stationary phase can be used, including normal and reversed phases as well as ionic resins. For example, the disclosed compounds can be purified via silica gel and/or alumina chromatography. See, e.g., Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography, 2nd ed., ed. L. R. Snyder and J. J. Kirkland, John Wiley and Sons, 1979; and Thin Layer Chromatography, E. Stahl (ed.), Springer-Verlag, New York, 1969.

During any of the processes for preparation of the subject compounds, it may be desirable to protect sensitive or reactive groups on any of the molecules concerned. This may be achieved by means of conventional protecting groups as described in standard works, such as T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis,” 4th ed., Wiley, New York 2006. The protecting groups may be removed at a convenient subsequent stage using methods known from the art.

Exemplary chemical entities useful in methods of the embodiments will now be described by reference to illustrative synthetic schemes for their general preparation herein and the specific examples that follow. Artisans will recognize that, to obtain the various compounds herein, starting materials may be suitably selected so that the ultimately desired substituents will be carried through the reaction scheme with or without protection as appropriate to yield the desired product. Alternatively, it may be desirable to employ, in the place of the ultimately desired substituent, a suitable group that may be carried through the reaction scheme and replaced as appropriate with the desired substituent. Furthermore, one of skill in the art will recognize that the transformations shown in the schemes below may be performed in any order that is compatible with the functionality of the pendant groups. Each of the reactions depicted in the general schemes can be run at a temperature from about 0° C. to the reflux temperature of the organic solvent used.

The Examples provided herein describe the synthesis of compounds disclosed herein as well as intermediates used to prepare the compounds. It is to be understood that individual steps described herein may be combined. It is also to be understood that separate batches of a compound may be combined and then carried forth in the next synthetic step.

In the following description of the Examples, specific embodiments are described. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice certain embodiments of the present disclosure. Other embodiments may be utilized and logical and other changes may be made without departing from the scope of the disclosure. The embodiments are also directed to processes and intermediates useful for preparing the subject compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The following description is, therefore, not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure generally provides a specific enantiomer or diastereomer as the desired product, although the stereochemistry of the enantiomer or diastereomer was not determined in all cases. When the stereochemistry of the specific stereocenter in the enantiomer or diastereomer is not determined, the compound is drawn without showing any stereochemistry at that specific stereocenter even though the compound can be substantially enantiomerically or disatereomerically pure.

Representative syntheses of compounds of the present disclosure are described in schemes below, and the examples that follow.

The compounds detailed in the Examples were synthesized according to the general synthetic methods described below. Compounds were named using ChemDraw version 18. 1. 0. 535 (PerkinElmer Informatics, Inc.) unless otherwise indicated.

Abbreviations

Certain abbreviations and acronyms are used in describing the experimental details. Although most of these would be understood by one skilled in the art, Table 1 contains a list of many of these abbreviations and acronyms.

TABLE 1 List of Abbreviations and Acronyms Abbreviation Meaning Ac acetate ACN acetonitrile AmPhos di-tert-butyl(4-dimethylaminophenyl)phosphine Bn benzyl Bpin (pinacolato)boron B₂Pin₂ bis(pinacolato)diboron Bu butyl Bz benzoyl BzCl benzoyl chloride cataCXium ® A Mesylate[(di(1-adamantyl)-n-butylphosphine)-2-(2′-amino-1,1′- Pd G3 biphenyl)]palladium(II) DBA dibenzalacetone DBU 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene DCM dichloromethane DCE dichlorethane DEA diethylamine Deoxofluor Bis(2-methoxyethyl)aminosulfur trifluoride DIPEA diisopropylethylamine DME dimethoxyethane DMEM Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium DMF dimethylformamide DMSO dimethylsulfoxide dppf 1,1′-Ferrocenediyl-bis(diphenylphosphine) EDCI N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride ES/MS electron spray mass spectrometry Et ethyl FBS fetal bovine serum HATU 1-[Bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridinium 3- oxide hexafluorophosphate IPA isopropanol JohnPhos (2-Biphenyl)di-tert-butylphosphine KOtBu potassium tert-butoxide LC liquid chromatography LCMS liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry MCPBA meta-chloroperbenzoic acid Me methyl m/z mass to charge ratio MS or ms mass spectrum NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone Pd Rockphos G3 [(2-Di-tert-butylphosphino-3-methoxy-6-methyl-2′,4′,6′-triisopropyl-1,1′- biphenyl)-2-(2-aminobiphenyl)]palladium(II) methanesulfonate Ph phenyl Ph₃P triphenylphosphine pin pinacol Pyr pyridine RBF round bottom flask RP-HPLC reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography RT room temperature SFC supercritical fluid chromatography tBuXPhos Pd [(2-Di-tert-butylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropyl-1,1′-biphenyl)-2-(2′- G3 amino-1,1′-biphenyl)] palladium(II) methanesulfonate TEA triethylamine TFA trifluoroacetic acid THF tetrahydrofuran Ts 4-toluenesulfonyl XPhos Pd G2 Chloro(2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropyl-1,1′-biphenyl)[2-(2′- amino-1,1′-biphenyl)]palladium(II) δ parts per million referenced to residual solvent peak

A. SYNTHESIS OF INTERMEDIATES Intermediate I-1

Methyl 2-[[4-(6-hydroxy-2-pyridyl)-1-piperidyl]methyl]-3-[[(2S)-oxetan-2-yl]methyl]benzimidazole-5-carboxylate (I-1): A flask of methyl 2-[[4-[6-[(4-cyano-2-fluoro-phenyl)methoxy]-2-pyridyl]-1-piperidyl]methyl]-3-[[(2S)-oxetan-2-yl]methyl]benzimidazole-5-carboxylate (1.6 g, 2.81 mmol) in 10 mL of EtOH and 10 mL of EtOAc was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen gas. 300 mg of 10% Palladium on carbon was added to the reaction. A balloon of hydrogen was attached to the flask with an adapter. The flask was evacuated until the solvent began to bubble, and then the flask was opened the balloon and stirred overnight. Nitrogen was bubbled through the mixture for 10 minutes and the reaction was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated and purified by silica gel chromatography (eluent: DCM/MeOH) to give desired product. ES/MS: 437.2 (M+H⁺)

Intermediate I-2

Methyl 2-[[4-[6-[(4-bromo-2-fluoro-phenyl)methoxy]-2-pyridyl]-1-piperidyl]methyl]-3-[[(2S)-oxetan-2-yl]methyl]benzimidazole-5-carboxylate: To a flask of methyl 2-[[4-(6-hydroxy-2-pyridyl)-1-piperidyl]methyl]-3-[[(2S)-oxetan-2-yl]methyl]benzimidazole-5-carboxylate (300 mg, 0.69 mmol) and 4-bromo-1-(bromomethyl)-2-fluoro-benzene (193 mg, 0.72 mmol) in 5 mL of acetonitrile, potassium carbonate (190 mg, 1.37 mmol) was added to the solution. The mixture was stirred at r.t. for 2 hours. The mixture was filtered and the filtrated was concentrated. Next, the concentrate was purified by silica gel chromatography (eluent: DCM/MeOH) to give the desired product. ES/MS: 623.5 (M+H⁺)

B. COMPOUND EXAMPLES Example 1. 2-((4-(6-((5-cyano-3-fluorothiophen-2-yl)methoxy)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1-(2-methoxyethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-6-carboxylic acid Procedure 1

Methyl 2-((4-(6-((5-cyano-3-fluorothiophen-2-yl)methoxy)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1-(2-methoxyethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-6-carboxylate: 4-fluoro-5-(hydroxymethyl)thiophene-2-carbonitrile (35 mg, 0.22 mmol), cesium carbonate (207 mg, 0.64 mmol), 2-(di-t-butylphosphino)biphenyl (19 mg, 0.064 mmol), and tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (29 mg, 0.032 mmol) was added to a solution of methyl 2-[[4-(6-chloro-2-pyridyl)-1-piperidyl]methyl]-3-(2-methoxyethyl)benzimidazole-5-carboxylate (82 mg, 0.19 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (2 mL). The resulting solution was degassed by bubbling argon for 1 minute, sealed and heated to 90° C. for 2 hours. Upon completion the reaction contents were poured into water (5 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×15 mL). The organic layers were combined, washed with brine (5 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated, and purified by flash chromatography (Eluent: EtOAc/hexane/MeOH) to give the desired product.

2-((4-(6-((5-cyano-3-fluorothiophen-2-yl)methoxy)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1-(2-methoxyethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-6-carboxylic acid (Example 1): Methyl 2-((4-(6-((5-cyano-3-fluorothiophen-2-yl)methoxy)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1-(2-methoxyethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-6-carboxylate (88 mg, 0.16 mmol) was taken up in acetonitrile (2 mL) and aqueous lithium hydroxide (0.84 M, 0.25 mL, 0.19 mmol) was added. The reaction was heated to 100° C. for 7 minutes then cooled to r.t. and diluted with 5% aqueous citric acid to a pH -5. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2×15 mL) and the combined organic extracts dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The material was purified by RP-HPLC (eluent: MeCN/water gradient with 0.1% TFA) to yield Example 1 as the trifluoro acetate salt. ES/MS: 550.3 (M+H⁺); 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.32 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.22 (d, J=3.9 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (dd, J=8.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (dd, J=8.3, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.71 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 5.57 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 2H), 4.83 (s, 2H), 4.62 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.94 (d, J=12.2 Hz, 2H), 3.75 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.55-3.36 (m, 2H), 3.31 (s, 3H), 3.20-3.01 (m, 1H), 2.49-2.03 (m, 4H).

Example 2. 2-((4-(6-((5-cyanothiophen-2-yl)methoxy)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1-(2-methoxyethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-6-carboxylic acid Procedure 2

Tert-butyl 4-(6-((5-cyanothiophen-2-yl)methoxy)pyridin-2-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate: 5-(hydroxymethyl)thiophene-2-carbonitrile (100 mg, 0.72 mmol), cesium carbonate (468 mg, 1.44 mmol), 2-(di-t-butylphosphino)biphenyl (43 mg, 0.14 mmol), and tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (66 mg, 0.072 mmol) were added to a solution of tert-butyl 4-(6-chloro-2-pyridyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (256 mg, 0.86 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (2 mL). The resulting solution was degassed by bubbling argon for 1 minute, sealed and heated to 90° C. for 2 hours. Upon completion, the reaction contents were poured into water (5 mL) and 20 extracted with EtOAc (2×15 mL). The organic layers were combined, washed with brine (5 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated, and purified by flash chromatography (Eluent: EtOAc/hexane/MeOH) to give the desired product.

Methyl 2-((4-(6-((5-cyanothiophen-2-yl)methoxy)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1-(2-methoxyethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-6-carboxylate: Para-toluenesulfonic acid, monohydrate (410 mg, 2.2 mmol) was added to a solution of tert-butyl 4-(6-((5-cyanothiophen-2-yl)methoxy)pyridin-2-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (287 mg, 0.72 mmol) in EtOAc (3 mL). The resulting mixture was heated to 60° C. for 2.5 hours. Upon completion the reaction mixture was filtered, the solid rinsed with EtOAc (1×10 mL) and the dried solid carried forward without purification. The crude 5-[[6-(4-piperidyl)-2-pyridyl]oxymethyl]thiophene-2-carbonitrile, 4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid salt (339 mg, 0.72 mmol) was combined with methyl 2-(chloromethyl)-3-(2-methoxyethyl)benzimidazole-5-carboxylate (224 mg, 0.79 mmol), and potassium carbonate (497 mg, 3.6 mmol) in acetonitrile (6 mL). The resulting mixture was heated to 60° C. for 16 hours after which the reaction contents were poured into water (15 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×25 mL). The organic layers were combined, washed with brine (10 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated, and purified by flash chromatography (Eluent: EtOAc/hexane/MeOH) to give the desired product.

2-((4-(6-((5-cyanothiophen-2-yl)methoxy)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1-(2-methoxyethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-6-carboxylic acid (Example 2): Methyl 2-((4-(6-((5-cyanothiophen-2-yl)methoxy)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1-(2-methoxyethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-6-carboxylate (50 mg, 0.092 mmol) was taken up in acetonitrile (2 mL) and aqueous lithium hydroxide (0.84 M, 0.21 mL, 0.18 mmol) was added. The reaction was heated to 100° C. for 7 minutes then cooled to r.t. and diluted with 5% aqueous citric acid to a pH ˜5. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2×15 mL) and the combined organic extracts dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The material was purified by RP-HPLC (eluent: MeCN/water gradient with 0.1% TFA) to yield Example 2 as the trifluoroacetate salt. ES/MS: 532.5 (M+H⁺); 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.89 (s, 1H), 7.65 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (d, J=3.8 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (d, J=3.8 Hz, 1H), 6.66 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 5.54 (s, 2H), 4.90 (s, 2H), 4.81-4.64 (m, 2H), 4.13 (d, J=11.6 Hz, 2H), 3.61 (t, J=4.6 Hz, 2H), 3.33 (t, J=12.1 Hz, 2H), 3.21 (s, 3H), 2.97 (t, J=11.8 Hz, 1H), 2.42 (q, J=13.3 Hz, 2H), 2.19 (d, J=14.7 Hz, 2H).

Example 3: 2-[[4-[6-[(2-chlorothiazol-5-yl)methoxy]-2-pyridyl]-1-piperidyl]methyl]-3-(2-methoxyethyl)benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid Procedure 3

Methyl 2-[[4-[6-[(2-chlorothiazol-5-yl)methoxy]-2-pyridyl]-1-piperidyl]methyl]-3-(2-methoxyethyl)benzimidazole-5-carboxylate: Potassium carbonate (130 mg, 0.94 mmol) was added to a flask of methyl 2-[[4-(6-hydroxy-2-pyridyl)-1-piperidyl]methyl]-3-(2-methoxyethyl)benzimidazole-5-carboxylate (100 mg, 0.24 mmol) and (5-cyano-8-quinolyl)methyl methanesulfonate (144 mg, 0.47 mmol) in 2 mL of DMF. The mixture was stirred at r.t. for 2 hours then filtered and purified by RP-HPLC (eluent: water/MeCN *0.1% TFA) to give desired product. ES/MS: 556.4 (M+H⁺).

2-[[4-[6-[(2-Chlorothiazol-5-yl)methoxy]-2-pyridyl]-1-piperidyl]methyl]-3-(2-methoxyethyl)benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid (Example 3): Methyl 2-[[4-[6-[(2-chlorothiazol-5-yl)methoxy]-2-pyridyl]-1-piperidyl]methyl]-3-(2-methoxyethyl)benzimidazole-5-carboxylate (42 mg, 0.067 mmol) was taken up in 1 mL of ACN and 0.3 mL of 1 N lithium hydroxide. The mixture was heated to 50° C. for 2 hours. The filtrate was purified by RP-HPLC (eluent: water/MeCN *0.1% TFA) to yield Example 3. ES/MS: 542.9 (M+H⁺). 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.35 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.05 (dd, J=8.6, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.78-7.57 (m, 2H), 7.00 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.72 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 5.61 (s, 2H), 4.86 (s, 2H), 4.64 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.98 (d, J=12.3 Hz, 2H), 3.77 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.58-3.42 (m, 2H), 3.15 (p, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 2.33 (tt, J=7.9, 3.4 Hz, 4H).

Example 4. 2-((4-(6-((2-chlorothiazol-5-yl)methoxy)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1-(2-methoxyethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-6-carboxylic acid

2-((4-(6-((2-chlorothiazol-5-yl)methoxy)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1-(2-methoxyethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-6-carboxylic acid was made according to Procedure 3, describe above. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.35 (dd, J=1.5, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 8.05 (dd, J=8.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (dd, J=8.3, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.83 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 5.82 (s, 2H), 4.85-4.82 (m, 2H), 4.65 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.94 (d, J=12.3 Hz, 2H), 3.83-3.71 (m, 2H), 3.54-3.38 (m, 2H), 3.35 (dd, J=3.3, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 3.21-3.02 (m, 1H), 2.25 (q, J=5.2, 4.6 Hz, 4H).

Example 5. (S)-2-((4-(6-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)methoxy)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1-(oxetan-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-6-carboxylic acid Procedure 4

Methyl (S)-2-((4-(6-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)methoxy)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1-(oxetan-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-6-carboxylate: A suspension of 3-(bromomethyl)-1-methyl-pyrazole (21 mg, 0.12 mmol), methyl 2-[[4-(6-hydroxy-2-pyridyl)-1-piperidyl]methyl]-3-[[(2S)-oxetan-2-yl]methyl]benzimidazole-5-carboxylate (I-1) (80%, 60 mg, 0.11 mmol) and cesium carbonate (57 mg, 0.18 mmol) in MeCN (3 mL) was heated at 60° C. overnight. The reaction was diluted with EtOAc and washed with brine twice. The organic extract was dried over sodium sulfate and purified by flash chromatography (eluent: EtOAc/hexanes) to give desired product. ES/MS: 531.2 (M+H⁺).

(S)-2-((4-(6-((1-Methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)methoxy)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1-(oxetan-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-6-carboxylic acid (Example 5): A suspension of methyl 2-[[4-[6-[(1-methylpyrazol-3-yl)methoxy]-2-pyridyl]-1-piperidyl]methyl]-3-[[(2S)-oxetan-2-yl]methyl]benzimidazole-5-carboxylate (14.6 mg, 0.0275 mmol) and a solution of lithium hydroxide, monohydrate (0.300 M, 0.275 mL, 0.0825 mmol) in MeCN (3 mL) in a 40 ml reaction vial was heated at 100° C. for 3 min. Next, an additional solution of lithium hydroxide, monohydrate (0.300 M, 0.275 mL, 0.0825 mmol) was added then the suspension was heated for another 3 min. The reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc and brine. To the resulting diluent, 0.170 mL of 1M citric acid was added. The organic extract was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The crude residue was purified by RP-HPLC (eluent: MeCN/H₂O). The resulting product fractions were diluted with EtOAc and neutralized with sodium bicarbonate solution. The organic extract was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to yield Example 5. ES/MS: 517.2 (M+H⁺); 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.36 (s, 1H), 8.01 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (s, 1H), 7.60 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.64 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 6.33 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 5.35 (s, 2H), 5.29 (qd, J=7.3, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 4.76-4.58 (m, 2H), 4.48 (dt, J=9.3, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 4.29 (t, J=17.1 Hz, 2H), 3.89 (d, J=1.1 Hz, 3H), 2.82 (q, J=8.8, 7.3 Hz, 2H), 2.60-2.45 (m, 1H), 2.24-1.90 (m, 5H), 1.31 (s, 3H).

Example 6. (S)-2-((4-(6-((5-cyanothiophen-2-yl)methoxy)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1-(oxetan-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-6-carboxylic acid

(S)-2-((4-(6-((5-cyanothiophen-2-yl)methoxy)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1-(oxetan-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-6-carboxylic acid was made according to Procedure 4, described above. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.37 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (dd, J=8.6, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.74-7.63 (m, 2H), 7.28 (d, J=3.9 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.75 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 5.68 (s, 2H), 5.26 (qd, J=7.0, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.80 (dd, J=15.9, 6.7 Hz, 1H), 4.70 (ddd, J=13.6, 5.8, 2.9 Hz, 2H), 4.46 (dt, J=9.3, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 3.94 (d, J=12.8 Hz, 2H), 3.53-3.38 (m, 2H), 3.17-2.99 (m, 1H), 2.84 (dtd, J=11.5, 8.2, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 2.53 (tt, J=10.3, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 2.43-2.25 (m, 4H).

Example 7. (S)-2-((4-(6-((5-carbamoylthiophen-2-yl)methoxy)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1-(oxetan-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-6-carboxylic acid

(S)-2-((4-(6-((5-carbamoylthiophen-2-yl)methoxy)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1-(oxetan-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-6-carboxylic acid was made according to Procedure 4. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.36 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.06 (dd, J=8.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (dd, J=8.3, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (d, J=3.8 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (d, J=3.8 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.71 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 5.62 (s, 2H), 5.31-5.17 (m, 1H), 4.80 (dd, J=15.9, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 4.74-4.62 (m, 2H), 4.45 (dt, J=9.2, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 3.94 (s, 2H), 3.57-3.37 (m, 2H), 3.21-3.03 (m, 1H), 2.82 (dq, J=13.8, 7.9 Hz, 1H), 2.62-2.42 (m, 1H), 2.27 (s, 4H).

Example 8. (S)-2-((4-(6-((1-(difluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)methoxy)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1-(oxetan-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-6-carboxylic acid

(S)-2-((4-(6-((1-(difluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)methoxy)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1-(oxetan-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-6-carboxylic acid was made according to procedure 4. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.36 (s, 1H), 8.14-7.97 (m, 2H), 7.84 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.72-7.59 (m, 1H), 7.42 (d, J=59.6 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.74 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 6.55 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 5.46 (s, 2H), 5.25 (dd, J=7.2, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 4.86-4.60 (m, 4H), 4.46 (dt, J=9.5, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 3.93 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 2H), 3.43 (p, J=11.2, 10.1 Hz, 2H), 3.17-2.95 (m, 1H), 2.83 (ddd, J=10.5, 5.8, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 2.65-2.40 (m, 1H), 2.38-2.08 (m, 4H).

Example 9. 2-[[4-[6-[[5-[2-(1-methylpyrazol-4-yl)ethynyl]-2-thienyl]methoxy]-2-pyridyl]-1-piperidyl]methyl]-3-[[(2S)-oxetan-2-yl]methyl]benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid Procedure 5

Methyl 2-[[4-[6-[(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl)methoxy]-2-pyridyl]-1-piperidyl]methyl]-3-(2-methoxyethyl)benzimidazole-5-carboxylate: Methyl 2-[[4-(6-hydroxy-2-pyridyl)-1-piperidyl]methyl]-3-(2-methoxyethyl)benzimidazole-5-carboxylate (I-1) (124 mg, 0.23 mmol), 2-bromo-5-(chloromethyl)thiophene (51 mg, 0.24 mmol), and silver carbonate (157 mg, 0.57 mmol) were taken up in toluene (3.0 mL). The mixture was stirred at 95° C. for 4 h. Following this time, the mixture was filtered through a plug of Celite and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: EtOAc/hexanes): ES/MS: 611.1 (M+H⁺).

Methyl 2-[[4-[6-[[5-[2-(1-methylpyrazol-4-yl)ethynyl]-2-thienyl]methoxy]-2-pyridyl]-1-piperidyl]methyl]-3-[[(2S)-oxetan-2-yl]methyl]benzimidazole-5-carboxylate: Methyl 2-[[4-[6-[(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl)methoxy]-2-pyridyl]-1-piperidyl]methyl]-3-(2-methoxyethyl)benzimidazole-5-carboxylate (60 mg, 0.10 mmol), 4-ethynyl-1-methyl-pyrazole (100 mg, 1.0 mmol), bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium chloride (34 mg, 0.05 mmol), cuprous iodide (9 mg, 0.05 mmol), diisopropylamine (0.3 mL, 2.0 mmol) were taken up in DMF (1.6 mL). The mixture was degassed with argon and stirred at 100° C. for 2 h. Following this time, the mixture was diluted with water (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3×10 mL). The combined organics were dried over Na₂SO₄, concentrated in vacuo, and purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: acetone/hexanes): ES/MS: 637.2 (M+H⁺).

2-[[4-[6-[[5-[2-(1-methylpyrazol-4-yl)ethynyl]-2-thienyl]methoxy]-2-pyridyl]-1-piperidyl]methyl]-3-[[(2S)-oxetan-2-yl]methyl]benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid (Example 9): Methyl 2-[[4-[6-[[5-[2-(1-methylpyrazol-4-yl)ethynyl]-2-thienyl]methoxy]-2-pyridyl]-1-piperidyl]methyl]-3-[[(2S)-oxetan-2-yl]methyl]benzimidazole-5-carboxylate (23 mg, 0.036 mmol) was taken up in acetonitrile (0.4 mL) and aqueous lithium hydroxide (0.3 M, 0.4 mL, 0.12 mmol) was added. The mixture was heated to 105° C. for 4 minutes. Following this time, the mixture was diluted with water (5 mL), the pH was adjusted to ˜5 with 5% aqueous citric acid solution and the mixture extracted with EtOAc (3×5 mL). The combined organics were dried over Na₂SO₄, concentrated in vacuo, and purified by neutral RP-HPLC (eluent: MeCN/water) to yield Example 9. ES/MS: 623.2 (M+H⁺); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.27 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.06 (s, 1H), 7.81 (dd, J=8.4, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.69-7.59 (m, 3H), 7.21 (d, J=3.7 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (d, J=3.7 Hz, 1H), 6.91 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.66 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 5.54 (s, 2H), 5.11 (qd, J=7.2, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 4.81 (dd, J=15.2, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 4.66 (dd, J=15.3, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 4.46 (td, J=8.0, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 4.37 (dt, J=9.0, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 3.98 (d, J=13.5 Hz, 1H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.79 (d, J=13.6 Hz, 1H), 3.04 (d, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 2.89 (d, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 2.70 (dtd, J=16.2, 8.0, 5.2 Hz, 2H), 2.48-2.38 (m, 1H), 2.26 (dd, J=33.8, 19.8 Hz, 2H), 1.83 (dd, J=25.0, 12.8 Hz, 4H).

Example 10. 2-[[2,5-difluoro-4-[6-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-thienyl]methoxy]-2-pyridyl]phenyl]methyl]-3-[[(2S)-oxetan-2-yl]methyl]benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid Procedure 6

Methyl 2-[[2,5-difluoro-4-[6-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-thienyl]methoxy]-2-pyridyl]phenyl]methyl]-3-[[(2S)-oxetan-2-yl]methyl]benzimidazole-5-carboxylate: Methyl 2-[[2,5-difluoro-4-(6-hydroxy-2-pyridyl)phenyl]methyl]-3-[[(2S)-oxetan-2-yl]methyl]benzimidazole-5-carboxylate (I-1) (50 mg, 0.11 mmol), 2-(bromomethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)thiophene (32 mg, 0.13 mmol), and silver carbonate (74 mg, 0.27 mmol) were taken up in toluene (3.0 mL). The mixture was stirred at 95° C. for 4 h. Following this time, the mixture was filtered through a plug of Celite and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: EtOAc/hexanes): ES/MS: 630.0 (M+H⁺).

2-[[2,5-difluoro-4-[6-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-thienyl]methoxy]-2-pyridyl]phenyl]methyl]-3-[[(2S)-oxetan-2-yl]methyl]benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid (Example 10): Methyl 2-[[2,5-difluoro-4-[6-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-thienyl]methoxy]-2-pyridyl]phenyl]methyl]-3-[[(2S)-oxetan-2-yl]methyl]benzimidazole-5-carboxylate (50 mg, 0.079 mmol) was taken up in acetonitrile (0.4 mL) and aqueous lithium hydroxide (1 M, 0.24 mL, 0.24 mmol) was added. The mixture was heated to 105° C. for 4 minutes. Following this time, the mixture was diluted with water (5 mL), the pH was adjusted to ˜5 with 5% aqueous citric acid solution and the mixture extracted with EtOAc (3×5 mL). The combined organics were dried over Na₂SO₄, concentrated in vacuo, and purified by RP-HPLC (eluent: MeCN/water). The resulting product fractions were diluted with EtOAc and neutralized with sodium bicarbonate solution. The organic extract was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to yield Example 10. ES/MS: 616.0 (M+H⁺); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.30-8.18 (m, 2H), 7.95 (dd, J=10.5, 6.5 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (dd, J=8.4, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.41 (dd, J=11.6, 6.1 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 5.70 (s, 2H), 5.08 (qd, J=7.1, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 4.76 (dd, J=15.6, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (dd, J=15.6, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 4.59-4.41 (m, 3H), 4.36 (dt, J=9.0, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 2.72 (dtd, J=11.0, 8.1, 6.2 Hz, 1H), 2.48-2.30 (m, 1H).

Example 11. 2-((4-(6-((6-chlorobenzo[b]thiophen-3-yl)methoxy)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1-(2-methoxyethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-6-carboxylic acid

2-((4-(6-((6-chlorobenzo[b]thiophen-3-yl)methoxy)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1-(2-methoxyethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-6-carboxylic acid was made according to Procedure 6. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.37-8.28 (m, 1H), 8.03 (dd, J=8.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.91-7.84 (m, 2H), 7.79 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (s, 1H), 7.67 (dd, J=8.3, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (dd, J=8.6, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.75 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 5.65 (d, J=0.9 Hz, 2H), 4.81 (s, 2H), 4.62 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.92 (d, J=11.3 Hz, 2H), 3.78-3.68 (m, 2H), 3.42 (t, J=11.4 Hz, 2H), 3.30 (s, 3H), 3.17-3.04 (m, 1H), 2.43-2.18 (m, 4H).

Example 12. 1-(2-methoxyethyl)-2-((4-(6-(thiophen-3-ylmethoxy)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-6-carboxylic acid

1-(2-methoxyethyl)-2-((4-(6-(thiophen-3-ylmethoxy)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-6-carboxylic acid was made according to Procedure 6, 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.33 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (dd, J=8.5, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.65 (dd, J=8.3, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.43-7.35 (m, 2H), 7.15 (dd, J=4.7, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.91 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.71 (dd, J=8.3, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 5.42 (s, 2H), 4.82 (s, 2H), 4.62 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.92 (d, J=12.2 Hz, 2H), 3.75 (dd, J=5.3, 4.2 Hz, 2H), 3.43 (td, J=12.3, 3.5 Hz, 2H), 3.31 (s, 3H), 3.15-2.99 (m, 1H), 2.27 (dtd, J=23.4, 14.8, 13.1, 5.9 Hz, 4H).

Example 13. 2-((4-(6-(benzo[b]thiophen-3-ylmethoxy)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1-(2-methoxyethyl)-1H-benzo

2-((4-(6-(benzo[b]thiophen-3-ylmethoxy)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1-(2-methoxyethyl)-1H-benzo was made according to procedure 6. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.33 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (dd, J=8.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.79 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.69-7.62 (m, 2H), 7.42-7.34 (m, 2H), 6.93 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.74 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 4.80 (s, 2H), 4.61 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 3.89 (d, J=12.5 Hz, 2H), 3.74 (t, J=4.7 Hz, 2H), 3.41 (td, J=12.2, 3.5 Hz, 2H), 3.30 (s, 3H), 3.10 (td, J=11.2, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 2.33-2.20 (m, 4H).

Example 14. (S)-1-(oxetan-2-ylmethyl)-2-((4-(6-((5-(trifluoromethyl)thiazol-2-yl)methoxy)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-6-carboxylic acid

(S)-1-(oxetan-2-ylmethyl)-2-((4-(6-((5-(trifluoromethyl)thiazol-2-yl)methoxy)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-6-carboxylic acid was made according to Procedure 6, 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.45 (s, 1H), 8.30 (s, 1H), 7.78 (d, J=39.4 Hz, 3H), 6.91 (d, J=64.7 Hz, 2H), 5.75 (s, 2H), 5.08 (s, 1H), 4.81 (dd, J=15.3, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.75-4.61 (m, 1H), 4.49 (td, J=8.0, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 4.36 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 3.94 (s, 1H), 3.79 (s, 1H), 2.91 (d, J=55.9 Hz, 2H), 2.71 (dt, J=16.0, 7.3 Hz, 2H), 2.51-2.31 (m, 1H), 1.97 (d, J=163.8 Hz, 6H).

Example 15. (S)-1-(oxetan-2-ylmethyl)-2-((4-(6-((4-(trifluoromethyl)thiazol-2-yl)methoxy)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-6-carboxylic acid

(S)-1-(oxetan-2-ylmethyl)-2-((4-(6-((4-(trifluoromethyl)thiazol-2-yl)methoxy)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-6-carboxylic acid was made according to Procedure 6. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.49 (s, 1H), 8.28 (s, 1H), 7.81 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.69-7.57 (m, 1H), 6.96 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.79 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 5.71 (s, 2H), 5.18-5.01 (m, 1H), 4.80 (dd, J=15.3, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.65 (dd, J=15.4, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 4.47 (td, J=7.9, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 4.37 (dt, J=9.0, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 3.94 (s, 1H), 3.78 (s, 1H), 2.99 (s, 1H), 2.84 (s, 1H), 2.77-2.55 (m, 2H), 2.42 (s, 1H), 2.33-2.11 (m, 2H), 1.78 (s, 4H).

Example 16. (S)-1-(oxetan-2-ylmethyl)-2-((4-(6-((4-(trifluoromethyl)thiophen-2-yl)methoxy)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-6-carboxylic acid

(S)-1-(oxetan-2-ylmethyl)-2-((4-(6-((4-(trifluoromethyl)thiophen-2-yl)methoxy)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-6-carboxylic acid was made according to Procedure 6. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.34 (s, 1H), 8.23 (t, J=1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.97-7.62 (m, 3H), 7.55 (s, 1H), 6.95 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.71 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 5.60 (s, 2H), 5.08 (s, 1H), 4.83 (dd, J=15.4, 7.0 Hz, 2H), 4.69 (d, J=15.3 Hz, 1H), 4.47 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 4.36 (dt, J=9.0, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 3.82 (s, 2H), 2.96 (s, 2H), 2.69 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 2.45-1.41 (m, 7H).

Example 17. (S)-2-((4-(6-((5-cyanothiazol-2-yl)methoxy)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1-(oxetan-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-6-carboxylic acid

(S)-2-((4-(6-((5-cyanothiazol-2-yl)methoxy)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1-(oxetan-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-6-carboxylic acid was made according to Procedure 6. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.41 (s, 1H), 8.35 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.99 (dd, J=8.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (dd, J=8.3, 7.3 Hz, 2H), 6.95 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.77 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 5.77 (s, 2H), 5.29 (td, J=7.1, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 4.83 (d, J=19.1 Hz, 1H), 4.75 (dd, J=15.3, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 4.68 (td, J=8.0, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 4.50 (dt, J=9.2, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 4.12-4.07 (m, 1H), 3.99 (d, J=14.0 Hz, 1H), 3.19-3.11 (m, 1H), 3.03 (d, J=11.7 Hz, 1H), 2.84 (ddd, J=14.3, 11.3, 7.9 Hz, 1H), 2.77-2.68 (m, 1H), 2.56 (ddd, J=18.0, 10.3, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 2.38 (dd, J=14.9, 7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.96-1.81 (m, 4H).

Example 18. 1-(2-methoxyethyl)-2-((4-(6-(thiazol-2-ylmethoxy)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-6-carboxylic acid

1-(2-methoxyethyl)-2-((4-(6-(thiazol-2-ylmethoxy)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-6-carboxylic acid was made according to Procedure 6. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.35 (s, 1H), 8.05 (dd, J=8.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (dd, J=5.8, 2.5 Hz, 2H), 7.76-7.67 (m, 1H), 7.62 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.82 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 5.76 (s, 2H), 4.84 (s, 2H), 4.64 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.91 (s, 2H), 3.77 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.42 (s, 2H), 3.10 (s, 1H), 2.24 (q, J=15.3, 14.0 Hz, 4H).

Example 19. 1-(2-methoxyethyl)-2-((4-(6-(thiazol-4-ylmethoxy)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-6-carboxylic acid

1-(2-methoxyethyl)-2-((4-(6-(thiazol-4-ylmethoxy)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-6-carboxylic acid was made according to Procedure 6. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 9.05 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.35 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 1H), 8.09-7.97 (m, 1H), 7.82 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.72-7.60 (m, 2H), 6.95 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.77 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 5.58 (d, J=0.8 Hz, 2H), 4.84 (s, 2H), 4.64 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.94 (d, J=12.3 Hz, 2H), 3.78 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.44 (t, J=12.1 Hz, 2H), 3.17-2.98 (m, 2H), 2.37-2.16 (m, 4H).

Example 20. 1-(2-methoxyethyl)-2-((4-(6-((2-methyl-2H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-6-carboxylic acid

1-(2-methoxyethyl)-2-((4-(6-((2-methyl-2H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-6-carboxylic acid was made according to Procedure 6. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetonitrile-d3) δ 8.31 (s, 1H), 8.00 (dd, J=8.6, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.70-7.60 (m, 2H), 6.91 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 5.44 (s, 2H), 4.63 (s, 2H), 4.57 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 4.14 (s, 3H), 3.84 (d, J=12.3 Hz, 2H), 3.75 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.37 (s, 2H), 3.32 (s, 3H), 2.14 (q, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 2.11-2.08 (m, 2H), 1.80 (p, J=2.5 Hz, 2H).

TABLE 2 Compounds Pro- ES/MS Ex. Structure cedure m/z ¹H NMR  1

1 550.3 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.32 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.22 (d, J = 3.9 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (dd, J = 8.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (dd, J = 8.3, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.71 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 5.57 (d, J = 1.2 Hz, 2H), 4.83 (s, 2H), 4.62 (t, J = 4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.94 (d, J = 12.2 Hz, 2H), 3.75 (t, J = 4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.55-3.36 (m, 2H), 3.31 (s, 3H), 3.20-3.01 (m, 1H), 2.49-2.03 (m, 4H).  2

2 532.5 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.89 (s, 1H), 7.65 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (d, J = 3.8 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (d, J = 3.8 Hz, 1H), 6.66 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 5.54 (s, 2H), 4.90 (s, 2H), 4.81-4.64 (m, 2H), 4.13 (d, J = 11.6 Hz, 2H), 3.61 (t, J = 4.6 Hz, 2H), 3.33 (t, J = 12.1 Hz, 2H), 3.21 (s, 3H), 2.97 (t, J = 11.8 Hz, 1H), 2.42 (q, J = 13.3 Hz, 2H), 2.19 (d, J = 14.7 Hz, 2H).  3

3 542.9 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.35 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.05 (dd, J = 8.6, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.78-7.57 (m, 2H), 7.00 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.72 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 5.61 (s, 2H), 4.86 (s, 2H), 4.64 (t, J = 4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.98 (d, J = 12.3 Hz, 2H), 3.77 (t, J = 4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.58-3.42 (m, 2H), 3.15 (p, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 2.33 (tt, J = 7.9, 3.4 Hz, 4H).  4

3 543.6 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.35 (dd, J = 1.5, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 8.05 (dd, J = 8.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (dd, J = 8.3, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.83 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 5.82 (s, 2H), 4.85-4.82 (m, 2H), 4.65 (t, J = 4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.94 (d, J = 12.3 Hz, 2H), 3.83-3.71 (m, 2H), 3.54-3.38 (m, 2H), 3.35 (dd, J = 3.3, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 3.21-3.02 (m, 1H), 2.25 (q, J = 5.2, 4.6 Hz, 4H).  5

4 517.2 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.36 (s, 1H), 8.01 (dd, J = 8.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (s, 1H), 7.60 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.64 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 6.33 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 5.35 (s, 2H), 5.29 (qd, J = 7.3, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 4.76-4.58 (m, 2H), 4.48 (dt, J = 9.3, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 4.29 (t, J = 17.1 Hz, 2H), 3.89 (d, J = 1.1 Hz, 3H), 2.82 (q, J = 8.8, 7.3 Hz, 2H), 2.60-2.45 (m, 1H), 2.24-1.90 (m, 5H), 1.31 (s, 3H).  6

4 544.2 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.37 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (dd, J = 8.6, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.74-7.63 (m, 2H), 7.28 (d, J = 3.9 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.75 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 5.68 (s, 2H), 5.26 (qd, J = 7.0, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.80 (dd, J = 15.9, 6.7 Hz, 1H), 4.70 (ddd, J = 13.6, 5.8, 2.9 Hz, 2H), 4.46 (dt, J = 9.3, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 3.94 (d, J = 12.8 Hz, 2H), 3.53-3.38 (m, 2H), 3.17- 2.99 (m, 1H), 2.84 (dtd, J = 11.5, 8.2, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 2.53 (tt, J = 10.3, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 2.43-2.25 (m, 4H).  7

4 562.4 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.36 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.06 (dd, J = 8.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (dd, J = 8.3, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (d, J = 3.8 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (d, J = 3.8 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.71 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 5.62 (s, 2H), 5.31-5.17 (m, 1H), 4.80 (dd, J = 15.9, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 4.74-4.62 (m, 2H), 4.45 (dt, J = 9.2, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 3.94 (s, 2H), 3.57-3.37 (m, 2H), 3.21-3.03 (m, 1H), 2.82 (dq, J = 13.8, 7.9 Hz, 1H), 2.62-2.42 (m, 1H), 2.27 (s, 4H).  8

4 535.5 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.36 (s, 1H), 8.14-7.97 (m, 2H), 7.84 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.72- 7.59 (m, 1H), 7.42 (d, J = 59.6 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.74 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 6.55 (d, J = 2.7 Hz, 1H), 5.46 (s, 2H), 5.25 (dd, J = 7.2, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 4.86-4.60 (m, 4H), 4.46 (dt, J = 9.5, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 3.93 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 2H), 3.43 (p, J = 11.2, 10.1 Hz, 2H), 3.17-2.95 (m, 1H), 2.83 (ddd, J = 10.5, 5.8, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 2.65-2.40 (m, 1H), 2.38- 2.08 (m, 4H).  9

5 623.2 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.27 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.06 (s, 1H), 7.81 (dd, J = 8.4, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.69-7.59 (m, 3H), 7.21 (d, J = 3.7 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (d, J = 3.7 Hz, 1H), 6.91 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.66 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 5.54 (s, 2H), 5.11 (qd, J = 7.2, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 4.81 (dd, J = 15.2, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 4.66 (dd, J = 15.3, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 4.46 (td, J = 8.0, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 4.37 (dt, J = 9.0, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 3.98 (d, J = 13.5 Hz, 1H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.79 (d, J = 13.6 Hz, 1H), 3.04 (d, J = 11.0 Hz, 1H), 2.89 (d, J = 11.0 Hz, 1H), 2.70 (dtd, J = 16.2, 8.0, 5.2 Hz, 2H), 2.48-2.38 (m, 1H), 2.26 (dd, J = 33.8, 19.8 Hz, 2H), 1.83 (dd, J = 25.0, 12.8 Hz, 4H). 10

6 616.0 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.30-8.18 (m, 2H), 7.95 (dd, J = 10.5, 6.5 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (dd, J = 8.4, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.41 (dd, J = 11.6, 6.1 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 5.70 (s, 2H), 5.08 (qd, J = 7.1, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 4.76 (dd, J = 15.6, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (dd, J = 15.6, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 4.59-4.41 (m, 3H), 4.36 (dt, J = 9.0, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 2.72 (dtd, J = 11.0, 8.1, 6.2 Hz, 1H), 2.48-2.30 (m, 1H). 11

6 591.3 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.37-8.28 (m, 1H), 8.03 (dd, J = 8.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.91-7.84 (m, 2H), 7.79 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (s, 1H), 7.67 (dd, J = 8.3, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (dd, J = 8.6, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.75 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 5.65 (d, J = 0.9 Hz, 2H), 4.81 (s, 2H), 4.62 (t, J = 4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.92 (d, J = 11.3 Hz, 2H), 3.78-3.68 (m, 2H), 3.42 (t, J = 11.4 Hz, 2H), 3.30 (s, 3H), 3.17- 3.04 (m, 1H), 2.43-2.18 (m, 4H). 12

6 507.2 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.33 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (dd, J = 8.5, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.65 (dd, J = 8.3, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.43- 7.35 (m, 2H), 7.15 (dd, J = 4.7, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.91 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.71 (dd, J = 8.3, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 5.42 (s, 2H), 4.82 (s, 2H), 4.62 (t, J = 4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.92 (d, J = 12.2 Hz, 2H), 3.75 (dd, J = 5.3, 4.2 Hz, 2H), 3.43 (td, J = 12.3, 3.5 Hz, 2H), 3.31 (s, 3H), 3.15-2.99 (m, 1H), 2.27 (dtd, J = 23.4, 14.8, 13.1, 5.9 Hz, 4H). 13

6 557.2 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.33 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (dd, J = 8.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.79 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.69- 7.62 (m, 2H), 7.42-7.34 (m, 2H), 6.93 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.74 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 4.80 (s, 2H), 4.61 (t, J = 5.0 Hz, 2H), 3.89 (d, J = 12.5 Hz, 2H), 3.74 (t, J = 4.7 Hz, 2H), 3.41 (td, J = 12.2, 3.5 Hz, 2H), 3.30 (s, 3H), 3.10 (td, J = 11.2, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 2.33- 2.20 (m, 4H). 14

6 588.2 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.45 (s, 1H), 8.30 (s, 1H), 7.78 (d, J = 39.4 Hz, 3H), 6.91 (d, J = 64.7 Hz, 2H), 5.75 (s, 2H), 5.08 (s, 1H), 4.81 (dd, J = 15.3, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.75-4.61 (m, 1H), 4.49 (td, J = 8.0, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 4.36 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 3.94 (s, 1H), 3.79 (s, 1H), 2.91 (d, J = 55.9 Hz, 2H), 2.71 (dt, J = 16.0, 7.3 Hz, 2H), 2.51-2.31 (m, 1H), 1.97 (d, J = 163.8 Hz, 6H). 15

6 588.2 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.49 (s, 1H), 8.28 (s, 1H), 7.81 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.69-7.57 (m, 1H), 6.96 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.79 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 5.71 (s, 2H), 5.18- 5.01 (m, 1H), 4.80 (dd, J = 15.3, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.65 (dd, J = 15.4, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 4.47 (td, J = 7.9, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 4.37 (dt, J = 9.0, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 3.94 (s, 1H), 3.78 (s, 1H), 2.99 (s, 1H), 2.84 (s, 1H), 2.77-2.55 (m, 2H), 2.42 (s, 1H), 2.33-2.11 (m, 2H), 1.78 (s, 4H). 16

6 587.2 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.34 (s, 1H), 8.23 (t, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.97-7.62 (m, 3H), 7.55 (s, 1H), 6.95 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.71 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 5.60 (s, 2H), 5.08 (s, 1H), 4.83 (dd, J = 15.4, 7.0 Hz, 2H), 4.69 (d, J = 15.3 Hz, 1H), 4.47 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 4.36 (dt, J = 9.0, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 3.82 (s, 2H), 2.96 (s, 2H), 2.69 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 2.45- 1.41 (m, 7H). 17

6 545.2 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.41 (s, 1H), 8.35 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.99 (dd, J = 8.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (dd, J = 8.3, 7.3 Hz, 2H), 6.95 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.77 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 5.77 (s, 2H), 5.29 (td, J = 7.1, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 4.83 (d, J = 19.1 Hz, 1H), 4.75 (dd, J = 15.3, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 4.68 (td, J = 8.0, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 4.50 (dt, J = 9.2, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 4.12-4.07 (m, 1H), 3.99 (d, J = 14.0 Hz, 1H), 3.19-3.11 (m, 1H), 3.03 (d, J = 11.7 Hz, 1H), 2.84 (ddd, J = 14.3, 11.3, 7.9 Hz, 1H), 2.77-2.68 (m, 1H), 2.56 (ddd, J = 18.0, 10.3, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 2.38 (dd, J = 14.9, 7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.96-1.81 (m, 4H). 18

6 508.2 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.35 (s, 1H), 8.05 (dd, J = 8.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (dd, J = 5.8, 2.5 Hz, 2H), 7.76-7.67 (m, 1H), 7.62 (d, J = 3.3 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.82 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 5.76 (s, 2H), 4.84 (s, 2H), 4.64 (t, J = 4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.91 (s, 2H), 3.77 (t, J = 4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.42 (s, 2H), 3.10 (s, 1H), 2.24 (q, J = 15.3, 14.0 Hz, 4H). 19

6 508.2 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 9.05 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.35 (d, J = 1.7 Hz, 1H), 8.09-7.97 (m, 1H), 7.82 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.72-7.60 (m, 2H), 6.95 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.77 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 5.58 (d, J = 0.8 Hz, 2H), 4.84 (s, 2H), 4.64 (t, J = 4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.94 (d, J = 12.3 Hz, 2H), 3.78 (t, J = 4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.44 (t, J = 12.1 Hz, 2H), 3.17-2.98 (m, 2H), 2.37-2.16 (m, 4H). 20

6 506.2 1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetonitrile-d3) δ 8.31 (s, 1H), 8.00 (dd, J = 8.6, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.70-7.60 (m, 2H), 6.91 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 5.44 (s, 2H), 4.63 (s, 2H), 4.57 (t, J = 4.8 Hz, 2H), 4.14 (s, 3H), 3.84 (d, J = 12.3 Hz, 2H), 3.75 (t, J = 4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.37 (s, 2H), 3.32 (s, 3H), 2.14 (q, J = 2.5 Hz, 1H), 2.11-2.08 (m, 2H), 1.80 (p, J = 2.5 Hz, 2H).

C. BIOLOGICAL DATA

GLP-1R Activation—cAMP Assay 1

GLP-1R activation by a compound of the present disclosure was quantified by measuring cAMP increase in CHO cells stably expressing GLP-1R (MultiSpan product #C1267-1a). The cells were harvested and plated in growth medium (DMEM/F-12 (Corning product #10-090-CV) supplemented with 10% FBS (HyClone product # SH30071-03), penicillin/streptomycin (Corning product #30-002CI) and 10 g/ml puromycin (Gibco product #A11138-03)) at 1,000 cells/well in a 384-well plate (Greiner product #781080). The cells were then incubated overnight at 37° C., 5% CO₂. The next day, the medium was removed and the cells were washed with DPBS (Corning product #21-031-CM) before adding the assay medium (HBSS, Corning product #21-023-CV) with 20 mM Hepes (Gibco product #15630-080) and 0. 1% BSA (Rockland Immunochemicals product # BSA-1000)). Following the medium change, the cells were incubated for 1 hour at 37° C., 5% CO₂. The tested GLP-1 compound was added to the cells in a 10-point dose response followed by a 30 minutes incubation at 37° C., 5% CO₂. cAMP concentration increase was then detected using Cisbio's cAMP Gs Dynamic Kit (product #62AM4PEC) according to the manufacturer's protocol. The response was plotted against the log of the agonist concentration and fitted to a sigmoidal equation to determine the EC₅₀.

GLP-1R Activation—cAMP Assay 2

GLP-1R activation by small molecule agonists is quantified by measuring cAMP increase in CHO cells stably expressing GLP-1R (MultiSpan product # C1267-1a). 50 nL of agonists are pre-spotted in a 10-point dose response onto 384-well plate (Corning product #CL3826) using the Labcyte Echo System. The cells are harvested and plated in assay buffer (HBSS (Corning product #21-023-CV) with 20 mM Hepes (Gibco product #15630-080) and 0.1% BSA (Rockland Immunochemicals product # BSA-1000)) or 100% Human Plasma (Innovative Research product #50-643-396) at 1,000 cells/well, 10 L/well, onto the pre-spotted plates. The cells are then incubated for 30 minutes at 37° C., 5% CO₂. cAMP concentration increase is then detected using Cisbio's cAMP Gs Dynamic Kit (product #62AM4PEC) according to the manufacturer's protocol. The response is plotted against the log of the agonist concentration and fitted to a sigmoidal equation to determine the EC₅₀.

TABLE 3 Activity GLP-1R GLP-1R Activation- Activation- Example Assay 1 Assay 2 No. EC50 (nm) EC50 (nm) 1 165.6 2 47.3 3 306.6 4 294.5 5 >100 6 0.9 7 36.5 8 21.5 9 3.3 10 0.4 11 155.6 12 831.4 13 196.9 14 1.8 15 5.2 16 4.1 17 24.1 18 869.0 19 5895.5 20 4345.1

Although the foregoing has been described in some detail by way of illustration and Example for purposes of clarity of understanding, one of skill in the art will appreciate that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims. In addition, each reference provided herein is incorporated by reference in its entirety to the same extent as if each reference was individually incorporated by reference. Where a conflict exists between the instant application and a reference provided herein, the instant application shall dominate. 

1. A compound of Formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R¹ is (a) a 5-membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one to four R⁴, or (b) a 5-membered heteroaryl, wherein the heteroaryl is fused to a 5- or 6-membered ring having zero to three heteroatoms, each independently N, O, or S, to form a fused ring system, wherein the fused ring system is optionally substituted with one to four R⁴; ring A is

optionally substituted with one to three R^(A) groups, each independently C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, halogen, —OH, —CN, or N(R^(10a))(R^(10b)); ring B is

 each of which is optionally substituted with one to three R^(B) groups, each independently C₁₋₆ alkyl or halogen; V is —C(R^(7a))(R^(7b))—; R² is H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-heterocyclyl, or C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl is each optionally substituted with one to four Z1, wherein each Z¹ is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ hydroxyalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkoxyalkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, —OH, —CN, C₁₋₆ alkyl-CN, —O—C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups each independently C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, or C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy; R³ is —C(O)OR^(3a); R^(3a) is H, C₁₋₄ alkyl-N(R^(9a))(R^(9b)), —C₁₋₄ alkyl-N(R^(9a))C(O)—O—C₁₋₄ alkyl-OP(O)(OR^(9c))₂, C₁₋₄ alkyl-C(O)N(R^(9a))(R^(9b)), —C₁₋₄ alkyl-O—C(O)—C₁₋₄ alkyl, —C₁₋₄ alkyl-O—C(O)—O—C₁₋₄alkyl, —C₁₋₄ alkyl-O—C(O)—C₁₋₄ alkyl-N(R^(9a))(R^(9b)), —C₁₋₄ alkyl-O—C(O)—C₁₋₄ alkyl-OP(O)(OR^(9c))₂, —CH₂CH(N(R^(9a))₂)C(O)OR^(9b), —P(O)(OR^(9c))₂, —OP(O)(OR^(9c))₂, —CH₂P(O)(OR^(9c))₂, —CH₂OP(O)(OR^(9c))₂, —OCH₂P(O)(OR^(9c))₂, C(O)OCH₂P(O)(OR^(9c))₂, —P(O)(R^(9c))(OR^(9d)), —OP(O)(R^(9c))(OR^(9d)), —CH₂P(O)(R^(9c))(OR^(9d)), —OCH₂P(O)(R^(9c))(OR^(9d))—C(O)OCH₂P(O)(R^(9c))(OR^(9d)), —P(O)(N(R^(9c))₂)₂, —OP(O)(N(R^(9c))₂)₂, —CH₂P(O)(N(R^(9c))₂)₂, —OCH₂P(O)(N(R^(9c))₂)₂, —C(O)OCH₂P(O)(N(R^(9c))₂)₂, —P(O)(N(R^(9c))₂)(OR^(9d))—OP(O)(N(R^(9c))₂)(OR^(9d)), —CH₂P(O)(N(R^(9c))₂)(OR^(9d)), —OCH₂P(O)(N(R^(9c))₂)(OR^(9d)), —C(O)OCH₂P(O)(N(R^(9c))₂)(OR^(9d)), —P(O)(R^(9c))(N(R^(9d))₂), —OP(O)(R^(9c))(N(R^(9d))₂), —CH₂P(O)(R^(9c))(N(R^(9d))₂), —OCH₂P(O)(R^(9c))(N(R^(9d))₂), —C(O)OCH₂P(O)(R^(9c))(N(R^(9d))₂), or C₁₋₆ alkyl-heterocyclyl, wherein the alkyl or heterocyclyl is each optionally substituted with one to four halogens; each R⁴ is independently C₁₋₉ alkyl, C₁₋₈ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, C₂₋₆ alkoxyalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, halogen, C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, heteroaryl, oxo, —NO₂, —N₃, —CN, —O—R^(10a), —C(O)—R^(10a), —C(O)O—R^(10a), —C(O)—N(R^(10a))(R^(10b)), —N(R^(10a))(R^(10b)), —N(R^(10a))₂(R^(10b)), —N(R R^(10a))C(O)— R^(10b), —N(R^(10a))C(O)O—R^(10b), —N(R^(10a))C(O)N(R^(10b))(R^(10c)), —N(R^(10a))S(O)₂(R^(10b)), —NR^(10a)S(O)₂N(R^(10b))(R^(10c)), —NR^(10a)S(O)₂O(R^(10b)), —OC(O) R^(10a), —OC(O)O R^(10a), —OC(O)—N(R^(10a))(R^(10b)), —S—R^(10a), —S(O) R^(10a), —S(O)(NH) R^(10a), —S(O)₂R^(10a), —S(O)₂N(R^(10a))(R^(10b)), —S(O)(NR^(10a)) R^(10b), or —Si(R^(10a))₃, wherein each alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one to four R⁵; each R⁵ is independently C₁₋₉ alkyl, C₁₋₈ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, C₂₋₆ alkoxyalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl, halogen, C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, heteroaryl, oxo, —NO₂, —N₃, —CN, —O— R^(10a), —C(O)— R^(10a), —C(O)O— R^(10a), —C(O)—N(R^(10a))(R R^(10b)), —N(R^(10a))(R^(10b)), —N(R^(10a))C(O)— R^(10b), —N(R^(10a))C(O)O— R^(10b), —N(R^(10a))C(O)N(R^(10b))(R^(10c)), —N(R^(10a))S(O)₂(R^(10b)), —NR^(10a)S(O)₂N(R^(10b))(R^(10c)), —NR^(10a)S(O)₂O(R^(10b))—OC(O) R^(10a), —OC(O)O R^(10a), —OC(O)—N(R^(10a))(R^(10b)), —S—R^(10a), —S(O) R^(10a), —S(O)(NH) R^(10a), —S(O)₂R^(10a), —S(O)₂N(R^(10a))(R^(10b)), —S(O)(NR^(10a)) R^(10b), or —Si(R^(10a))₃, wherein each alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one to four R⁶; each R⁶ is independently C₁₋₉ alkyl, C₁₋₈ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, halogen, C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, heteroaryl, oxo, —OH, —CN, —NO₂, —NH₂, —N₃, —SH, —O(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —O(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl), —O(C₂₋₆ alkenyl), —O(C₂₋₆ alkynyl), —O(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl), —O(heterocyclyl), —O(C₆₋₁₀ aryl), —O(heteroaryl), —NH(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl), —NH(C₂₋₆ alkenyl), —NH(C₂₋₆ alkynyl), —NH(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl), —NH(heterocyclyl), —NH(C₆₋₁₀ aryl), —NH(heteroaryl), —N(C₁₋₉ alkyl)₂, —N(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl)₂, —N(C₂₋₆ alkenyl)₂, —N(C₂₋₆ alkynyl)₂, —N(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl)₂, —N(heterocyclyl)₂, —N(C₆₋₁₀ aryl)₂, —N(heteroaryl)₂, —N(C₁₋₉ alkyl)(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl), —N(C₁₋₉ alkyl)(C₂₋₆ alkenyl), —N(C₁₋₉ alkyl)(C₂₋₆ alkynyl), —N(C₁₋₉ alkyl)(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl), —N(C₁₋₉ alkyl)(heterocyclyl), —N(C₁₋₉ alkyl)(C₆₋₁₀ aryl), —N(C₁₋₉ alkyl)(heteroaryl), —C(O)(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —C(O)(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl), —C(O)(C₂₋₆ alkenyl), —C(O)(C₂₋₆ alkynyl), —C(O)(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl), —C(O)(heterocyclyl), —C(O)(C₆₋₁₀ aryl), —C(O)(heteroaryl), —C(O)O(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —C(O)O(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl), —C(O)O(C₂₋₆ alkenyl), —C(O)O(C₂₋₆ alkynyl), —C(O)O(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl), —C(O)O(heterocyclyl), —C(O)O(C₆₋₁₀ aryl), —C(O)O(heteroaryl), —C(O)NH₂, —C(O)NH(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —C(O)NH(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl), —C(O)NH(C₂₋₆ alkenyl), —C(O)NH(C₂₋₆ alkynyl), —C(O)NH(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl), —C(O)NH(heterocyclyl), —C(O)NH(C₆₋₁₀ aryl), —C(O)NH(heteroaryl), —C(O)N(C₁₋₉ alkyl)₂, —C(O)N(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl)₂, —C(O)N(C₂₋₆ alkenyl)₂, —C(O)N(C₂₋₆ alkynyl)₂, —C(O)N(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl)₂, —C(O)N(heterocyclyl)₂, —C(O)N(C₆₋₁₀ aryl)₂, —C(O)N(heteroaryl)₂, —NHC(O)(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —NHC(O)(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl), —NHC(O)(C₂₋₆ alkenyl), —NHC(O)(C₂₋₆ alkynyl), —NHC(O)(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl), —NHC(O)(heterocyclyl), —NHC(O)(C₆₋₁₀ aryl), —NHC(O)(heteroaryl), —NHC(O)O(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —NHC(O)O(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl), —NHC(O)O(C₂₋₆ alkenyl), —NHC(O)O(C₂₋₆ alkynyl), —NHC(O)O(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl), —NHC(O)O(heterocyclyl), —NHC(O)O(C₆₋₁₀ aryl), —NHC(O)O(heteroaryl), —NHC(O)NH(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —NHC(O)NH(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl), —NHC(O)NH(C₂₋₆ alkenyl), —NHC(O)NH(C₂₋₆ alkynyl), —NHC(O)NH(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl), —NHC(O)NH(heterocyclyl), —NHC(O)NH(C₆₋₁₀ aryl), —NHC(O)NH(heteroaryl), —NHS(O)(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —N(C₁₋₉ alkyl)(S(O)(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —S(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —S(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl), —S(C₂₋₆ alkenyl), —S(C₂₋₆ alkynyl), —S(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl), —S(heterocyclyl), —S(C₆₋₁₀ aryl), —S(heteroaryl), —S(O)N(C₁₋₉ alkyl)₂, —S(O)(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —S(O)(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl), —S(O)(C₂₋₆ alkenyl), —S(O)(C₂₋₆ alkynyl), —S(O)(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl), —S(O)(heterocyclyl), —S(O)(C₆₋₁₀ aryl), —S(O)(heteroaryl), —S(O)₂(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —S(O)₂(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl), —S(O)₂(C₂₋₆ alkenyl), —S(O)₂(C₂₋₆ alkynyl), —S(O)₂(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl), —S(O)₂(heterocyclyl), —S(O)₂(C₆₋₁₀ aryl), —S(O)₂(heteroaryl), —S(O)(NH)(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —S(O)₂NH(C₁₋₉ alkyl), or —S(O)₂N(C₁₋₉ alkyl)₂, wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 C₁₋₉ alkyl, C₁₋₈ haloalkyl, halogen, —OH, —NH₂, CO₂H, —O(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —O(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl), —O(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl), —O(heterocyclyl), —O(aryl), —O(heteroaryl), —NH(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl), —NH(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl), —NH(heterocyclyl), —NH(aryl), —NH(heteroaryl), —N(C₁₋₉ alkyl)₂, —N(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl)₂, —NHC(O)(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl), —NHC(O)(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl), —NHC(O)(heterocyclyl), —NHC(O)(aryl), —NHC(O)(heteroaryl), —NHC(O)O(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —NHC(O)O(C₁₋₈ haloalkyl), —NHC(O)O(C₂₋₆ alkynyl), —NHC(O)O(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl), —NHC(O)O(heterocyclyl), —NHC(O)O(aryl), —NHC(O)O(heteroaryl), —NHC(O)NH(C₁₋₉ alkyl), S(O)₂(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —S(O)₂(C₁₋₈ -haloalkyl), —S(O)₂(C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl), —S(O)₂(heterocyclyl), —S(O)₂(aryl), —S(O)₂(heteroaryl), —S(O)(NH)(C₁₋₉ alkyl), —S(O)₂NH(C₁₋₉ alkyl), or —S(O)₂N(C₁₋₉ alkyl)₂, wherein the alkyl or heterocyclyl is each optionally substituted with one to four halogens; each R^(7a) and R^(7b) is independently —H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or halogen; each R^(9a) and R^(9b) is independently H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, or R^(9a) and R^(9b) together form a 6-membered heterocyclyl; each R^(9c), R^(9d), R^(10a), R^(10b), and R^(10c) is independently H, C₁₋₉ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl is each optionally substituted with one to four R⁶; wherein each heterocyclyl has three to twelve ring members and has one to four heteroatoms, each independently N, O, or S; and wherein each heteroaryl has five to twelve ring members and one to four heteroatoms, each independently N, O, or S.
 2. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R¹ is a 5-membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one to four R⁴.
 3. The compound of claim 2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R¹ is

 m is 0, 1, 2, or
 3. 4. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R¹ is a 5-membered heteroaryl, wherein the heteroaryl is fused to a 5- or 6-membered ring having zero to three heteroatoms, each independently N, O, or S, to form a fused ring system, wherein the fused ring system is optionally substituted with one to four R⁴.
 5. The compound of claim 4, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R¹ is,

optionally substituted with one to four R⁴.
 6. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein ring A is

optionally substituted with one to three R^(A) groups.
 7. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein ring A is


8. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein V is —CH₂—.
 9. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein ring B is

each of which is optionally substituted with one to three R^(B) groups, each independently C₁₋₆ alkyl or halogen.
 10. The compound of claim 9, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein ring B is


11. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R² is C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or C₁₋₆ alkyl-heterocyclyl, wherein each alkyl or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one to three Z¹, each independently C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, or C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl.
 12. (canceled)
 13. The compound of claim 11, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R² is


14. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R³ is —C(O)OH.
 15. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each R⁴ is independently C₁₋₉ alkyl, C₁₋₈ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, C₂₋₆ alkoxyalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, halogen, C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, heteroaryl, oxo, —NO₂, —N₃, —CN, —O—R^(12a), —C(O)—R^(12a), —C(O)O—R^(12a), —C(O)—N(R^(12a))(R^(12b)), —N(R^(12a))(R^(12b)), or —N(R^(12a))₂(R^(12b))⁺, wherein each alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one to four R⁵.
 16. The compound of claim 15, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each R⁴ is independently C₁₋₉ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₈ haloalkyl, halogen, —CN, or —C(O)—N(R^(12a))(R^(12b)).
 17. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R⁵ is heteroaryl or heterocycle, optionally substituted with one to three C₁₋₉ alkyl.
 18. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having the structure of a compound in Table
 2. 19. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
 20. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 19 further comprising one or more additional therapeutic agents.
 21. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 19 for use in treating a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) mediated disease or condition.
 22. A method of treating GLP-1R mediated disease or condition comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the disease or condition comprises a liver disease.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the disease or condition comprises liver fibrosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver cirrhosis, compensated liver fibrosis, decompensated liver fibrosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC), or Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC).
 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the disease or condition comprises non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
 26. The method of claim 24, wherein the disease or condition comprises non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
 27. The method of claim 22, wherein the disease or condition comprises a metabolic disease.
 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the disease or condition comprises type I diabetes, type II diabetes, pre-diabetes, idiopathic type I diabetes, latent autoimmune diabetes, maturity onset diabetes of the young, early onset diabetes, malnutrition-related diabetes, gestational diabetes, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hepatic insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, kidney disease, diabetic retinopathy, adipocyte dysfunction, visceral adipose deposition, obesity, eating disorders, sleep apnea, weight gain, sugar craving, dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, pulmonary hypertension, restenosis after angioplasty, intermittent claudication, post-prandial lipemia, metabolic acidosis, ketosis, arthritis, left ventricular hypertrophy, Parkinson's Disease, peripheral arterial disease, macular degeneration, cataract, glomerulosclerosis, chronic renal failure, metabolic syndrome, angina pectoris, premenstrual syndrome, thrombosis, atherosclerosis, impaired glucose metabolism, vascular restenosis, dementia, or Alzheimer's disease.
 29. The method of claim 22, wherein the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in combination with an additional therapeutic agent.
 30. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 20, wherein the additional therapeutic agent comprises an anti-obesity agent including but not limited to peptide YY or an analogue thereof, a neuropeptide Y receptor type 2 (NPYR2) agonist, a NPYR1 agonist, an NPYR5 antagonist, a cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1 R) antagonist, a lipase inhibitor (e.g., orlistat), a human proislet peptide (HIP), a melanocortin receptor 4 agonist (MC4R)(e.g., setmelanotide), a melanin concentrating hormone receptor 1 antagonist, a farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist (e.g., obeticholic acid), apoptotic signal-regulating kinase (ASK-1) inhibitor, zonisamide, phentermine (alone or in combination with topiramate), a norepinephrine/dopamine reuptake inhibitor (e.g., buproprion), an opioid receptor antagonist (e.g., naltrexone), a combination of norepinephrine/dopamine reuptake inhibitor and opioid receptor antagonist (e.g., a combination of bupropion and naltrexone), a GDF-15 analog, sibutramine, a cholecystokinin agonist, amylin and analogues thereof (e.g., pramlintide), leptin and analogues thereof (e.g., metroleptin), a serotonergic agent (e.g., lorcaserin), a methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2) inhibitor (e.g., beloranib or ZGN-1061), phendimetrazine, diethylpropion, benzphetamine, an SGLT2 inhibitor (e.g., empagliflozin, canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, ipragliflozin, tofogliflozin, sergliflozin etabonate, remogliflozin etabonate, or ertugliflozin), an SGLTL1 inhibitor, a dual SGLT2/SGLT1 inhibitor, a fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) modulator, an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator, biotin, a MAS receptor modulator, or a glucagon receptor agonist (alone or in combination with another GLP-1 R agonist, e.g., liraglutide, exenatide, dulaglutide, albiglutide, lixisenatide, or semaglutide), a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) agonist, fish oil, an acetyl-coA carboxylase (ACC) inhibitor, a TGFβ antagonist, GFRAL agonist, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 31. (canceled)
 32. (canceled)
 33. (canceled) 